Migration from Zambia : Ensuring Temporariness through Cooperation
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The paper analyzes migration from Zambia
in order to understand how migration policy can support
development in the least developed countries. Overall
emigration from Zambia is not high by regional standards,
but the pattern of migration is skewed toward the skilled
and away from the unskilled. A development-friendly approach
to migration for Zambia would strive to ensure the
temporariness of both types of movement. First, industrial
countries may be willing to accept a higher level of
unskilled immigration if they could be certain that it is
temporary. Second, any adverse effects of brain drain would
be greatly alleviated if skilled emigration is temporary.
The problem is that host countries cannot unilaterally
ensure temporariness of unskilled migration because
repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of
source countries like Zambia, and source countries today
have little incentive to facilitate the return of the
unskilled. At the same time, source countries like Zambia
cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of the skilled
because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help
of the host countries, and host countries currently have
little incentive to send back the skilled. So, there is a
strong case and considerable scope for cooperation between
source countries like Zambia and destination countries in
the design and implementation of migration policy so that
unskilled migration becomes feasible and skilled migration
takes a more desirable form.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, BORDERS, BRAIN DRAIN, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL UNREST, COMPENSATION, DECISION MAKING, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, EMIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPATRIATES, FAIR COMPENSATION, FAMILIES, FARMS, GAMBIA, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH WORKERS, HOSPITAL, HOSPITALS, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICIES, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INSURANCE SCHEMES, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, ISOLATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIVING CONDITIONS, MAJORITY OF CHILDREN, MEDICAL SCHOOL, MIDWIFERY, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION ISSUES, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION RATES, MOBILITY, NATIONALS, NATURE OF HEALTH, NURSES, NURSING, OLD-AGE, PEACE, PERMANENT MIGRATION, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, PERMANENT SETTLEMENT, PHARMACISTS, PHYSICIANS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PROGRESS, PROVISION OF INFORMATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PULL FACTORS, PUNITIVE MEASURES, PUSH FACTORS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REPATRIATION, RETURN MIGRATION, RETURN OF MIGRANTS, RICHER COUNTRIES, SCREENING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SKILLED PERSONNEL, SKILLED PROFESSIONALS, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TERTIARY LEVEL, THE, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TREATY, UNEMPLOYMENT, VISAS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS