Adapting to Climate Change : The Case of Rice in Indonesia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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There is increasing interest in climate
change issues in Indonesia particularly in the lead-up to
the COP13 or Copenhagen meeting in Bali in December 2007
when there was renewed focus on Indonesia as the third
largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world due
to deforestation, peat-land degradation, and forest fires.
In Indonesia, the agriculture sector employs the largest
share, 45 percent, of Indonesia's labor and contributes
the second largest share, 17.5 percent, of gross domestic
product (GDP). Poverty is a largely rural phenomenon. In
2002, 61 percent of the poor earned their livelihood in the
agricultural sector while 63 percent of Indonesia's
poor population resided in rural areas. In Indonesia, the
agriculture sector is the main source of methane emissions
as it accounts for 59 percent of total national emissions.
Seventy percent of the emissions from the agriculture sector
are generated by rice cultivation. Methane emission in
agriculture is mainly due to inefficient practices such as
over-irrigation, misuse of fertilizer, and poor livestock
feeding practices. The study is organized as follows: the
introductory chapter is followed by a chapter that discusses
the key elements of adaptation in a general agricultural
context. This is followed by a review of the literature on
climate change in Indonesia and the implications for
improving rice productivity in the context of concomitant
changes in land use. Chapter four focuses on two key issues
for economic and policy options as part of the adaptation
agenda. The first relates to the important role of Bulog,
(logistics agency) and the second pertains to the current
structure of the fertilizer subsidies. The final chapter
presents conclusions and recommendations.
Palabras clave
ACIDITY, ADAPTATION IN AGRICULTURE, ADDITIVES, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SUPPLIES, AGRICULTURAL USE, AGRICULTURAL USES, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE SECTOR, ALTERNATIVE CROPS, ALTITUDE, AMMONIA, AMMONIUM, AMMONIUM SULFATE, ANIMAL PRODUCTION, ANIMALS, AQUACULTURE, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, AVAILABILITY OF RICE, AVERAGE YIELDS, BORON, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CASSAVA, CEREAL YIELDS, CLASSIFICATION, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE VARIATION, CLIMATES, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CLIMATOLOGY, CO, COLORS, COMMODITY, CONSERVATION, CONSERVATION AREAS, CONSTRUCTION, CONTINUOUS CROPPING, CONVERGENCE, COOPERATIVES, COPPER, CORN, CROP, CROP AREA, CROP DIVERSIFICATION, CROP FAILURE, CROP GROWTH, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP RESIDUES, CROP SCIENCE, CROP WATER, CROP YIELDS, CROPPING, CROPPING SEASONS, CROPS, DATES, DEFORESTATION, DEGRADATION, DEMAND FOR FOOD, DISEASES, DRAINAGE, DROUGHT, DRY PERIODS, DRY SEASON, DRY SEASONS, ECOSYSTEMS, EMISSION, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EQUIPMENT, EROSION, EVAPORATION, EXTENSION SERVICES, FAO, FARM, FARM INCOMES, FARM MANAGEMENT, FARM SIZE, FARMER, FARMER RESPONSE, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMING ACTIVITIES, FARMS, FERTILISER, FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZER, FERTILIZER SUBSIDIES, FERTILIZER SUBSIDY, FERTILIZER USE, FERTILIZERS, FISH, FISHERIES, FLOOD MITIGATION, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOOD AID, FOOD CROP, FOOD CROP MANAGEMENT, FOOD CROPS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FORAGE GRASSES, FOREST, FOREST FIRES, FORESTRY, FOSSIL FUEL, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FROST, GEOPHYSICS, GERMPLASM, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL N FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION, GLOBAL WARMING, GRAIN, GRAIN PRODUCTION, GRAIN YIELD, GRASSES, GRAZING, GREEN REVOLUTION, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROUNDNUT, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER SOURCES, GROWING SEASON, HARVESTING, HARVESTS, HECTARES OF LAND, HORTICULTURE, HOUSING, HUMAN ACTIVITY, HUMIDITY, HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, HYDROLOGY, IMPACT OF IRRIGATION, INCUBATION, INNOVATION, INTENSIVE CROPPING, IRRI, IRRIGATION WATER, LABORATORIES, LAND AREA, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND DEVELOPMENT, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND RESOURCES, LAND USE, LIVESTOCK, LOSS IN YIELD, MAIZE, METABOLISM, METEOROLOGY, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, MONSOONS, MOSQUITO, NATIONAL EMISSIONS, NATIVE PLANTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NGOS, NITROGEN, NITROGEN FERTILIZER, NUTRIENTS, NUTRITION, OCEANS, ORGANIC MATTER, ORGANIC WASTE, OSCILLATIONS, PADDY, PEST CONTROL, PEST MANAGEMENT, PESTICIDES, PESTS, PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANT BREEDING, PLANT PROTECTION, PLANTATIONS, POTASSIUM, POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS, POTENTIAL RICE YIELDS, POTENTIAL YIELDS, PRECIPITATION, PRECIPITATION PATTERNS, PRESERVATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCE, PRODUCTION GAINS, PRODUCTION METHOD, PRODUCTION METHODS, RAINFALL, RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION, REPLANTING, RESERVOIR, RESERVOIRS, RICE, RICE AREAS, RICE CULTIVATION, RICE FIELDS, RICE PRICE, RICE PRICES, RICE PRODUCTION, RICE RESEARCH, RICE TRADE, RICE YIELDS, RIVER, RUNOFF, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SANDY SOILS, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEED, SEED TREATMENT, SMALL FARMERS, SOIL CHARACTERISTICS, SOIL EROSION, SOIL FERTILITY, SOILS, SOLAR RADIATION, SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX, SOWING, SOYBEAN, SPECIES, SPECIFIC HUMIDITY, STRAW, SUGARCANE, SULFUR, SURFACE WATERS, SWAMP, TEMPERATURE, TILLAGE, TIN, TRANSPLANTING, TREE SPECIES, TREES, UNIVERSITIES, UPLAND AREAS, UREA, VEGETATION, WATER RESOURCES, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SUPPLY, WATERSHED, WEEDS, WETLAND, WETLAND AREA, WIND, WINDS, YIELD LOSS, ZINC