Climate change, rural livelihoods and migration nexus in Zimbabwe
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By the late 21st century, Africa is likely to experience warming and increased climate variability, which have been linked to adverse economic outcomes. Human-induced climate change, including more frequent and intense extreme events, has caused widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people beyond natural climate variability. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report’s (2021) continental projections for Africa indicate a projected increase in temperature and weather extremes. In the Zimbabwean context, there are already indications that rising temperatures and increasing rainfall variability are affecting agricultural outputs and, with that, food and nutrition security. Migration is one possible adaptation strategy in the context of climate change, alongside other possible responses. The Labour Force and Child Labour Survey indicates that approximately 124 000 people left their homes in search of better agricultural land, with another 4 000 people reported being displaced by extreme events between 2011 and 2019 in Zimbabwe. Earlier research indicates that 44 percent of the total 1.6 million Zimbabweans in South Africa are believed to have migrated because of drought-related food insecurity. This study aimed to investigate the climate change–migration nexus in selected provinces in Zimbabwe, including the influence of climate and environmental factors on rural migration patterns and the relationship between migration and climate change adaptation.