Child Farm Labor : The Wealth Paradox
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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This article is motivated by the
remarkable observation that children of land-rich households
are often more likely to be in work than the children of
land-poor households. The vast majority of working children
in developing economies are in agricultural work,
predominantly on farms operated by their families. Land is
the most important store of wealth in agrarian societies,
and it is typically distributed very unequally. These facts
challenge the common presumption that child labor emerges
from the poorest households. This article suggests that this
apparent paradox can be explained by failures of the markets
for labor and land. Credit market failure will tend to
weaken the force of this paradox. These effects are modeled
and estimates obtained using survey data from rural Pakistan
and Ghana. The main result is that the wealth paradox
persists for girls in both countries, whereas for boys it
disappears after conditioning on other covariates.
Palabras clave
AGE GROUP, AIDS ORPHANS, BARGAINING, BARGAINING POWER, CAPITAL MARKETS, CHILD LABOR, CHILD LABOR DECLINE, CHILD LABOUR, CHILD WORK, CHILD WORKERS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, DEBT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMICS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, ELASTICITY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT RATES, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXCLUSION RESTRICTION, EXOGENOUS VARIABLES, EXTENDED FAMILIES, FACTOR MARKETS, FAMILY LABOR, FEMALE LABOR, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE, HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME, INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, INSURANCE, INTEREST RATES, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOR STANDARDS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKETS, LABOUR STANDARDS, LABOUR SUPPLY, LAND USE, LAWS, LEGISLATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY, MARKET WAGE, MINIMUM WAGE, MORAL HAZARD, OCCUPATION, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PERFECT MARKETS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRECEDING DISCUSSION, PRESENT EVIDENCE, PREVIOUS STUDIES, PREVIOUS STUDY, PREVIOUS WORK, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RURAL LABOR, RURAL LABOR MARKET, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS, TAX, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE INCREASE, WAGE RATE, WAGES, WELL-FUNCTIONING LABOR MARKET, WORK ACTIVITIES, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKING CHILDREN, YOUNG CHILDREN