Business models for fecal sludge management in India

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dc.creatorRao, Krishna C.
dc.creatorVelidandla, S.
dc.creatorScott, C. L.
dc.creatorDrechsel, Pay
dc.date2020
dc.date2020-09-25T14:03:56Z
dc.date2020-09-25T14:03:56Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T18:38:51Z
dc.descriptionGlobally, 50% of the population relies on on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and is, hence, in need of Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) solutions. India is a classic example, given that its government built more than 100 million toilets with the majority relying on OSS. With 400 fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in various stages of planning, procurement and construction, this report comes at an opportune time to present findings on FSM business models already implemented across India. Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed. In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/109662
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/161646
dc.languageen
dc.publisherInternational Water Management Institute
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceRao, Krishna C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Business models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Issue) [doi: 10.5337/2020.209]
dc.subjectcase studies
dc.subjecthouseholds
dc.subjectcomposting
dc.subjectbiogas
dc.subjectnutrients
dc.subjectenergy recovery
dc.subjecttaxes
dc.subjectgovernment procurement
dc.subjecttechnology
dc.subjectrisk
dc.subjectprofitability
dc.subjectbenefits
dc.subjectcost recovery
dc.subjectoperating costs
dc.subjectinvestment
dc.subjectpricing
dc.subjectmarketing
dc.subjectfunding
dc.subjectfinancial viability
dc.subjectnongovernmental organizations
dc.subjectstakeholders
dc.subjectpublic-private partnerships
dc.subjecturban areas
dc.subjecttreatment plants
dc.subjecttransport
dc.subjectwaste disposal
dc.subjecttoilets
dc.subjectseptic tanks
dc.subjectsolid wastes
dc.subjectsustainable development goals
dc.subjectsanitation
dc.subjecthygiene
dc.subjectdesludging
dc.subjectwaste treatment
dc.subjectvalue chains
dc.subjectbusiness models
dc.subjectwaste management
dc.subjectfaecal sludge
dc.subjectreuse
dc.subjectresource management
dc.subjectresource recovery
dc.titleBusiness models for fecal sludge management in India
dc.typeReport

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Instituto Internacional para el Manejo del Agua (IWMI)