'Missing Girls' in the South Caucasus Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Sex ratios at birth rose sharply in the
South Caucasus countries after 1991, but recent data
indicate that this trend is turning. What caused this rise,
and what can be done to accelerate its normalization?
Traditional kinship systems in the region are similar to
those of other settings with sex-selection: structured for
collaboration among male kin and dependence only on sons,
not daughters. Yet it is anomalous to find sex-selection in
a region that under the Soviet Union has for long been
substantially urbanized and gender-equitable in public life
— factors associated with declines in sex-selection
elsewhere. Sex-selection manifested itself only after the
sudden economic and governance meltdown following the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Jobs, basic
services, and social protection mechanisms unraveled. People
scrambled for coping mechanisms, and sons offer the
traditional form of support under uncertainty. Basic
services, pensions, and safety nets have been rebuilt, but
the process involved years of policy changes. Strengthening
these institutions, and maintaining credible continuity of
expectations in them, is critical to accelerating
normalization of sex ratios.
Palabras clave
CHILD HEALTH, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, MASS MEDIA, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH, SEX-SELECTIVE ABORTION, KINSHIP, URBANIZATION, FAMILY TIES, YOUNG GIRLS, OLD AGE, SEX -SELECTIVE ABORTIONS, ADVOCACY EFFORTS, TRADITIONAL FAMILY, MORTALITY DIFFERENTIALS, HEALTH EDUCATION, POLICY CHANGE, RATIO OF BOYS TO GIRLS, LABOR FORCE, ETHNIC GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, HEALTH CARE, GENDER EQUITY, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, SOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POPULATION FUND, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, POPULATION RESEARCH CENTER, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, GENDER BIAS, FEMALE MORTALITY, PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY NETS, TELEVISION, HEALTH SECTOR, PROTECTION MECHANISMS, PUBLIC POLICY, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, TRAINING, FORCED MIGRATION, PACE OF URBANIZATION, SMALL FAMILIES, FERTILITY RATES, POPULATION DIVISION, BABY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, FERTILITY RATE, MIGRATION, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, MORTALITY RATE, FEMALE CHILDREN, MARRIAGE, TUBERCULOSIS, PUBLIC SPHERE, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, SERVICE DELIVERY, FAMILY COMPOSITION, SEX -SELECTIVE ABORTION, TV, RULE OF LAW, MATERNAL HEALTH CARE, MORTALITY, RADIO, SEX RATIOS, PROGRESS, LIVE BIRTH, INFANT, GENDER GAPS, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, EXCESS MORTALITY, OLDER PEOPLE, POLICIES, SOCIAL SERVICES, MASS COMMUNICATION, WOMAN, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, ECONOMIC STATUS, PENSIONS, URBAN AREAS, FAMILY PLANNING, SOCIAL SCIENCE, POPULATION RESEARCH, REFUGEES, SELECTIVE ABORTIONS, PUBLIC LIFE, MOTHER, MALARIA, HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, POLICY, CITIZENS, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CHILD MORTALITY, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SEX, HUMAN RIGHTS, MATERNAL HEALTH, POPULATION POLICY, UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, RESOLUTION, WAR, WORLD POPULATION, CENSUSES, POPULATION ASSOCIATION, RURAL AREAS, OLDER PERSONS, LOWER FERTILITY, POPULATION, LIVING CONDITIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, UNFPA, SEX RATIO, FERTILITY, SOCIAL CHANGE, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, WOMEN, INHERITANCE, FERTILITY DECLINE, REMITTANCES, URBAN POPULATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, HEALTH SERVICES, ABORTION, BOTH SEXES, GENDER EQUALITY, EXTENDED FAMILY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, SON PREFERENCE