Findings from the Bhutan Learning Quality Survey
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Washington, DC
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The education sector in Bhutan has been
growing steadily since the 1960s and concomitantly the
literacy rates of the population have also been steadily
going up over time. The mostly mountainous country regards
education as central to its national development. Every
cohort has seen an increasing share of children going to
school and the education system now strains to keep up with
the speed with which enrolment has expanded over the last
ten years, in-line with Bhutan's commitment to meet the
education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This report
is structured as follows: section two presents the
background and context of Bhutan's education system;
section three discusses previous theoretical and empirical
literature on education quality; section four describes the
sampling design methodology, the sample and empirical
methodology used in this study; section five presents
findings on students' actual knowledge in three
subjects and their corresponding scaled scores; section six
presents the results of multivariate regression analysis for
estimating school, teacher and child related correlates of
learning outcomes; section seven profiles teachers in grades
two and four and the education process; and section eight
concludes with brief summary, discussion of policy
implications, and recommendation for future research.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SCHOOLS, ADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE, AGE OF ENTRY, ASSESSMENT SYSTEM, AVERAGE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO, BASIC COMPETENCIES, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC SKILLS, BETTER LEARNING, CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS, CLASS ORGANIZATION, CLASS SIZES, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOMS, COGNITIVE SKILLS, COMMUNITY SCHOOL, COMMUNITY SCHOOLS, CURRICULA, CURRICULUM, DISABLED CHILDREN, DISTRICT EDUCATION, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, EARLY GRADES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION ASSESSMENT, EDUCATION OFFICERS, EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION PROVIDERS, EDUCATION QUALITY, EDUCATION REFORMS, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, EFFECTIVE LEARNING, EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS, ELEMENTS, END OF GRADE, FEMALE LITERACY, FEMALE LITERACY RATE, FEMALE TEACHERS, FREE BASIC EDUCATION, FUTURE RESEARCH, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISPARITY, GENDER GAP, GENERAL EDUCATION, GER, GIRLS, GLOBAL EDUCATION, GRADE REPETITION, GRADUATE DEGREES, GRADUATE TEACHERS, GROSS ENROLMENT, GROSS ENROLMENT RATE, HEAD TEACHERS, HIGH RATES OF TEACHER ABSENTEEISM, HIGHER GRADE, HIGHER GRADES, HIGHER TEST SCORES, HOME LANGUAGE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILLITERACY, INSTRUCTION, INTERVENTIONS, KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION, LEARNING, LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT, LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS, LEARNING LEVELS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEARNING TIME, LITERACY, LITERACY RATE, LITERACY RATES, LITERATE PARENTS, LITERATURE, LOWER SECONDARY, LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL, LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS, MALE LITERACY RATE, MATH SCORES, MATH TEST, MATHEMATICS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MODERN EDUCATION, NATIONAL CURRICULUM, NATIONAL EDUCATION, NATIONAL LANGUAGE, NER, NET ENROLMENT, NET ENROLMENT RATE, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, NUMERACY, NUTRITION, OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS, OLDER CHILDREN, PAPERS, PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION, PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT, PRIMARY CLASSES, PRIMARY CYCLE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY GRADES, PRIMARY GROSS ENROLMENT RATE, PRIMARY LEVEL, PRIMARY LEVELS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL CYCLE, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PROFICIENCY, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUPIL TEACHER RATIO, PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO, QUALIFIED TEACHERS, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY OF TEACHING, QUALITY PRIMARY EDUCATION, QUALITY TEACHERS, RATES OF ABSENTEEISM, READING, READING COMPREHENSION, REPETITION RATE, REPETITION RATES, RURAL AREAS, SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT, SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS, SCHOOL BUDGETS, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL EFFECTS, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL LOCATION, SCHOOL OWNERSHIP, SCHOOL PARTICIPATION, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL SURVEY, SCHOOL TEACHERS, SCHOOL TYPES, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SMALL SCHOOLS, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS, STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS, STUDENT LEARNING, STUDENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES, STUDENT OUTCOMES, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, SUBJECTS, TEACHER, TEACHER ABSENTEEISM, TEACHER CERTIFICATION, TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS, TEACHER EDUCATION, TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS, TEACHER EXPECTATIONS, TEACHER INCENTIVES, TEACHER MOTIVATION, TEACHER PERFORMANCE, TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, TEACHER QUALITY, TEACHER SALARIES, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING FORCE, TEACHING METHODS, TEACHING STRATEGIES, TEACHING-LEARNING, TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS, TEXTBOOKS, UNIVERSAL EDUCATION, UNIVERSAL PARTICIPATION