Oil and the Propensity to Armed Struggle in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper attempts to explain the
determinants of the propensity to armed struggle and the
probability of participation by individuals in the Niger
Delta region of Nigeria using primary (micro) data. While
grievance appears to be pervasive among individuals and
communities in the region and can be systematically
explained, neither the grievance level nor its commonly
cited causal factors appear to be strong enough to create a
disposition toward armed rebellion. Rather, factors that
reduce the opportunity cost and risk of participation or
increase the perceived benefits appear to be more important.
The study identifies three of these factors that are
amenable to the policymaker's (government's)
control as income level, educational attainment, and
government presence.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CIVIL CONFLICT, CIVIL WAR, CIVIL WARS, COLLECTIVE, COLLECTIVE ACTION, COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY LEADERS, COMMUNITY MEMBERS, CONFLICT PREVENTION, CONFLICT RISK, CONFLICTS, CORPORATION, COST OF REBELLION, COUNTER-INSURGENCY, CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, DELTA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUP, DRUGS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIME, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXTORTION, FOREGONE INCOME, FORMAL EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT REPRESSION, GREED-GRIEVANCE, HIGH RISK, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, IDEAS, IMMIGRATION, INDIVIDUALS, INTENSITY OF CONFLICT, INVESTIGATION, LABOR MARKET, LARGE POPULATION, LIMITED, LOCAL CONTROL, LOOT-SEEKING REBELLION, MILITARY PRESENCE, MINORITY, MONOPOLY, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, NUMBER OF PERSONS, OPPORTUNITY COST, OPPORTUNITY FOR REBELLION, PEACE, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL RIGHTS, POLITICAL VIOLENCE, POST-CONFLICT, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PROBABILITY OF VICTORY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS, REBEL ARMY, REBEL FORCE, REBEL FORCES, REBEL GROUP, REBEL GROUPS, REBEL LEADER, REBEL ORGANIZATION, REBELLION, RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS, RELIGIOUS IDENTITY, RISK OF REBELLION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIETIES, SOCIETY, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, VIOLENT CONFLICT, VOCATIONAL TRAINING