Financing Rural Development for a Harmonious Society in China : Recent Reforms in Public Finance and Their Prospects
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The Government of China has placed
strong emphasis on addressing problems related to
agriculture, farmers, and rural society, with the
development of a "new socialist countryside"
designated as a top priority for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan
(2006-2010). The financing of public services in rural
areas will be a key determinant of the Plan's success.
This report analyzes the performance of the
intergovernmental fiscal system - the financing of rural
development through counties, townships, and villages - and
the impact of recent reforms. The authors show that
achieving the government's objectives will require
channeling substantial new resources to rural areas. In
addition, ensuring the effective transfer of resources and
their efficient utilization will require fundamental reforms
to a wide range of public institutions, including budget and
planning processes, personnel management systems, and the
organization of government agencies. The authors argue that
a comprehensive reform strategy is needed to address
fundamental vertical and horizontal imbalances in the
intergovernmental fiscal system The reforms must reach
beyond the fiscal system to build improved accountability
mechanisms to improve public service delivery at the
grassroots level. And, given China's size and
diversity, reform efforts must focus on improving incentive
structures at the county, township, and village levels.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTABILITY, ACCOUNTING, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES, ADMINISTRATIVE FEES, ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDANCE, AGRICULTURAL TAX, AGRICULTURAL TAXES, APPROPRIATIONS, ASSET SALES, ASSIGNMENT OF EXPENDITURES, AUTONOMOUS REGIONS, BASIC EDUCATION, BOND ISSUES, BORROWING, BUDGET PLANNING, BUDGET PROCESS, BUDGETING, BUSINESS TAXES, CALCULATIONS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CENTRAL TRANSFERS, CIVIL SERVICE, COLLATERAL, CONTRIBUTIONS, COOPERATIVES, CORRUPTION, COST OF LABOR, CREDITS, DEBT, DEBT SERVICE, DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS, DEBT SOURCE, DEBTS, DEFICITS, DEVOLUTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ELECTRICITY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ENROLLMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EQUAL AMOUNT, EQUALITY, EQUALIZATION, EQUIPMENT, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURE ASSIGNMENT, EXPENDITURE ASSIGNMENTS, EXPENDITURE RESPONSIBILITIES, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY SUPPORT, FARM MACHINERY, FARMERS, FEE REVENUE, FINANCES, FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS, FINANCIAL AFFAIRS, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL STRENGTH, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FINANCING COSTS, FISCAL BURDEN, FISCAL CAPACITY, FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION, FISCAL GAPS, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, FISCAL REFORMS, FISCAL RESOURCES, GOVERNMENT DEBT, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GOVERNMENT REVENUES, GROUP INVESTMENTS, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME TAX, INCOME TAXES, INCOMES, INEQUALITIES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENT SPENDING, JUSTICE SYSTEM, LABOR FORCE, LAND ADMINISTRATION, LAND AS COLLATERAL, LAND BANKS, LAND REFORM, LAND RIGHTS, LAND USE, LAND VALUES, LEGAL RIGHTS, LEVIES, LEVY, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL ADMINISTRATION, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL PUBLIC FINANCE, LOCAL REVENUE, LOCAL SPENDING, LOCAL TAXES, LONG TERM CAPITAL, LONG-TERM GOAL, LONG-TERM GOALS, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MANDATES, MARKETING, MUNICIPALITIES, NATURAL RESOURCES, OPERATING COSTS, OPERATING EXPENSES, OTHER ASSETS, PACIFIC REGION, PENALTIES, PREFECTURES, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS, PUBLIC, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC FACILITIES, PUBLIC FINANCE, PUBLIC GOODS, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS, PUBLIC SPENDING, RAPID GROWTH, RECURRENT COSTS, RECURRENT EXPENDITURES, REFORM PROGRAMS, REMITTANCES, RENTS, REPAYMENT, REPAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL, RETURN, RETURNS, REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS, REVENUE COLLECTION, REVENUE MOBILIZATION, REVENUE SHARING, ROADS, SAFETY NET, SALARIES, SALARY, SALE, SENIOR, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, SOURCE OF FUNDS, SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS, STATE BOND, STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT, SUBNATIONAL BUDGETS, SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, SUBSIDIARITY PRINCIPLE, SUBSIDIARY, SURCHARGES, TAX, TAX ADMINISTRATION, TAX ASSIGNMENT, TAX LAWS, TAX REVENUES, TAX SHARING, TAXATION, TOTAL DEBT, TRANSACTION, TURNOVER, TYPES OF INVESTMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBANIZATION, USER CHARGES, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, WAGES, WATER SUPPLY, WELFARE PROGRAM, WORTH