Skilled Labor Flows : Lessons from the European Union
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This study evaluates European Union (EU)
experience of the mobility of skilled labor migrants after
the 2004 and 2007 EU enlargements and from the European
Neighborhood Policy (ENP) countries. The study concludes
that migration generally improves the allocated efficiency
of labor markets and there is little if any evidence of
statistically significant or economically relevant negative
aggregate effects of migration on receiving labor markets.
While outflow of young and skilled workers may pose risks to
sending countries' economic prospects and public
finance, circular migration, brain gain, and remittances
attenuate such risks, and have the potential to become
powerful engines of convergence. Obstructive legislation and
ill-designed migration policies impede migration and deprive
sending and receiving of such potential benefits.
Palabras clave
ADJUSTMENT COSTS, ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY, ANXIETY, BENEFITS OF MIGRATION, BRAIN DRAIN, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CRIME, DISCRIMINATION, DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES, DISSEMINATION, DRIVERS, EARNING, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN, EDUCATED MIGRANTS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EFFICIENCY OF LABOR, EMIGRANTS, EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY TIES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATES, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, FREE TRADE, GENDER BIAS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH POLICIES, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH-CARE SERVICES, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HOST POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN HEALTH, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILLEGAL MIGRANTS, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMPORTANT POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS, INTERNATIONALIZATION, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, JOB CREATION, JOBS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT, LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET REGULATION, LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRANTS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR PROGRAMS, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOUR, LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR STUDIES, LACK OF INFORMATION, LARGE FAMILIES, LARGE POPULATION, LAWS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LONG-RUN EFFECTS, MANPOWER, MEDICAL STAFF, MIDWIVES, MIGRANT POPULATIONS, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION BETWEEN COUNTRIES, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION PATTERNS, MIGRATION POLICIES, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATIONS, MINIMUM WAGE, MINIMUM WAGES, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL BORDERS, NATIONALS, NURSES, OCCUPATIONS, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, OLDER PEOPLE, PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, PATIENTS, PENSIONS, PHARMACISTS, PHYSIOTHERAPISTS, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY-MAKING PROCESS, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, PRESENT VALUE, PRESENTS UNEMPLOYMENT, PRIMARY OBJECTIVE, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PROVISION OF INFORMATION, PUBLIC POLICY, PULL FACTORS, PUSH FACTORS, QUALITY ASSURANCE, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RECENT IMMIGRANTS, RECREATION, REMITTANCES, RESPECT, RETAIL TRADE, RETURN MIGRATION, SKILL LEVEL, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED MIGRANTS, SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL WORK, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, TELEVISION, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRADE UNIONS, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, TRANSPORTATION, TREATY, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, VISAS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE BARGAINING, WAGE RIGIDITIES, WAR, WASTE, WORK ACTIVITIES, WORKER, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, XENOPHOBIA