Climate Variability and Water Resources in Kenya : The Economic Cost of Inadequate Management
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Eighty percent of Kenya is arid and
semi-arid land; yet despite chronic water scarcity, the
country has developed only 15 percent of its available safe
water resources. Demand for water is expected to rise, owing
to population increases and growing requirements for
irrigated agriculture, urban and rural populations,
industries, livestock, and hydropower. Meanwhile, climate
variability and the steady degradation of water resources
cost Kenya at least 3.3 billion Kenyan shillings (Ksh)
annually. Between 1997 and 2000, the El Nino-La Nina floods
and droughts cost an estimated 290 billion Ksh, or 14
percent of gross domestic product (GDP) for the period.
While it is not economical to avoid all costs, many of them
can be minimized by increased investments in management and
infrastructure, and more efficient, accountable, and
participatory management and operation of the water sector.
Palabras clave
ALGAL BLOOMS, ARID AREAS, BASIN MANAGEMENT, BASINS, BILATERAL AGENCIES, CANALS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CATCHMENT, CATCHMENT AREA, CATCHMENT LEVEL, CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT, CATCHMENTS, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CORAL REEFS, COST OF WATER, DAMS, DECISION MAKING, DEMAND FOR WATER, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, DISCHARGE, DROUGHT, EROSION, EXCESSIVE ABSTRACTION, EXPORT, FARMERS, FERTILIZERS, FISHING, FLOOD DAMAGE, FLOOD MANAGEMENT, FLOODING, FLOODS, FORESTRY, GAUGING, GAUGING STATIONS, GRAZING, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, HEAVY METALS, INTAKE STRUCTURES, IRRIGATION, JETTIES, LAKES, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, LOGGING, MUNICIPAL SEWAGE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, PERMITS, PESTICIDES, PIPELINES, POLLUTION, POWER GENERATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUMPING, PUMPING STATIONS, RAINFALL, RAINY SEASONS, RECHARGE, RESERVOIR SILTATION, RESERVOIRS, RIPARIAN, RIVERS, RUNOFF, RURAL WATER, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, SAFE WATER, SAFE YIELD, SANITATION, SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE, SEWAGE TREATMENT, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, SHORELINE, SMALL DAMS, SOIL EROSION, STORAGE CAPACITY, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE WATER RESOURCES, TOWNS, TOXIC CHEMICALS, TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS, TRANSPARENCY, TREATMENT PLANTS, TURBIDITY, URBAN AREAS, WATER ALLOCATION, WATER DEMAND, WATER FLOWS, WATER LAW, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER QUALITY, WATER RESOURCE, WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER REUSE, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SECTOR, WATER SOURCES, WATER STORAGE, WATER SUPPLIES, WATER SYSTEMS, WATER TABLES, WATER TRANSPORT, WATER TREATMENT, WATER USE, WATER USER, WATER USERS, WATERS, WATERWORKS, WETLANDS