Trade and Investment Policies to Promote Climate Friendly Technologies in APEC Economies
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Climate Friendly Technologies (CFT)
reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by reducing
the carbon content of economic activity. Climate change due
to greenhouse gases is expected to affect many sectors, and
present risks to many Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) economies in Asia. These risks include falling
freshwater availability, rainfall volatility, frequent
hurricanes and droughts, and a greater risk of coastal
flooding. All these will cause significant negative impacts
on APEC member economies. Given that APEC economies account
for more than half of global GHG emissions, the adoption of
emissions reducing CFTs in this region is critically
important for the global emissions mitigation agenda. This
report, first, describes the wide range of different CFTs
already in use in middle-income APEC economies and their
potential. As such, it is a comprehensive reference on CFTs
that are used and produced in middle-income APEC economies,
and on the factors that have contributed to their uptake,
including domestic Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
legislation and energy security policies. This report
combines regional reviews and analyses with country level
analyses of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Second,
it discusses the potential of further use and production of
CFTs in APEC economies and the challenges facing their
adoption. Third, it attempts to identify CFTs that have the
most potential for further use. For example, this report
identifies wind power technologies in Thailand as one of two
CFTs with the most potential for further expansion of
installed capacity and that may benefit the most from
targeted trade and investment policies. Finally, the report
addresses issues concerning the design of effective
technology-based policies that support economic development
through the adoption of CFTs. First, this will require a
substantial mobilization of international investments in
CFTs. An additional US$ 200 billion annually by 2030 is the
estimated level of investment required to return GHG
emissions to current levels.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ABSOLUTE EMISSIONS, ACID, ACID RAIN, ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS, ALLOCATION, ALUMINUM, ANNUAL GLOBAL EMISSIONS, ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS, APPROACH, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BIOMASS, BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO, CALCULATION, CAPITAL COSTS, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON INTENSITY, CARBON PRICE, CARBON PRICES, CARBON TAX, CEMENT, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEANER ENERGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE ECONOMICS, CLIMATE LEGISLATION, CLIMATE POLICY, CLIMATE-CHANGE, CLIMATE-CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATIC CHANGES, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL CONSUMPTION, COAL PRICES, COAL PRODUCTION, COASTAL AREAS, CONSUMER DEMAND, CONSUMPTION OF COAL, CONVERGENCE, COST-BENEFIT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COST-BENEFIT FRAMEWORK, COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS, DAMAGES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISCOUNT RATE, DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS, DIVERGENCE, DOMESTIC OIL, DOMESTIC OIL PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPACT, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY DISPATCH, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY PRICES, ELECTRICITY SECTOR, EMISSION, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS CONTROL, EMISSIONS FROM COAL, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS GROWTH, EMISSIONS INTENSITY, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS TARGETS, ENERGY BILLS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY COSTS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY INTENSITY, ENERGY INTENSIVE, ENERGY MARKETS, ENERGY POLICIES, ENERGY PRICE, ENERGY PRICES, ENERGY PRICING, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY SHORTAGES, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY SUBSIDIES, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS, ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, FEASIBILITY, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FISCAL POLICIES, FLOODS, FOREST, FOREST COVERAGE, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST STOCK, FORESTRY, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS, FOSSIL FUEL USE, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FUEL COSTS, GAS, GASOLINE, GASOLINE PRICES, GASOLINE TAX, GHG, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GREEN PAPER, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROWTH IN DEMAND, HEAVY INDUSTRY, HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY, HIGHER ENERGY PRICES, HYDROGEN, IMPORTS, INCOME, INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, INSURANCE, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, MARGINAL UTILITY, MARKET DISTORTIONS, MARKET FAILURES, MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES, NATIONAL EMISSIONS, OIL, OIL CRISIS, OIL EQUIVALENT, OIL IMPORTS, OIL PRODUCTION, OIL USE, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY MAKERS, POWER SECTOR, POWER SHORTAGES, PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, PRESENT VALUE, PRICE OF COAL, PRIMARY ENERGY, PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION, PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION, PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS, R&D FUNDING, RAINFALL, RATIO OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION, REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS, RELATIVE PRICE, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, SOLAR POWER, SUBSTITUTION, SULPHUR, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TAX CREDITS, TAX RATES, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRADITIONAL ENERGY SECTOR, TRADITIONAL FUELS, TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINTS, TRANSPORT SECTOR, UNCERTAINTIES, UTILITIES, VEHICLES, WELFARE CONSEQUENCES, WIND, WIND ENERGY, WIND INDUSTRY, WIND POWER, WORLD ENERGY