Trade in 'Virtual Carbon' : Empirical Results and Implications for Policy
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The fact that developing countries do
not have carbon emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol has
led to the current interest in high-income countries in
border taxes on the "virtual" carbon content of
imports. The authors use Global Trade Analysis Project data
and input-output analysis to estimate the flows of virtual
carbon implicit in domestic production technologies and the
pattern of international trade. The results present striking
evidence on the wide variation in the carbon-intensiveness
of trade across countries, with major developing countries
being large net exporters of virtual carbon. The analysis
suggests that tax rates of $50 per ton of virtual carbon
could lead to very substantial effective tariff rates on the
exports of the most carbon-intensive developing nations.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ACID, ACID RAIN, ADJUSTMENT POLICIES, AVERAGE TAX RATES, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BILATERAL TRADE, CALCULATION, CAPS, CARBON, CARBON BALANCE, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON EMISSION, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FLOWS, CARBON INTENSITY, CARBON INVENTORIES, CARBON LEAKAGE, CARBON PRICE, CARBON REDUCTIONS, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAXES, CARBONIZATION, CHEMICALS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM, CLIMATE POLICY, CO, CO2, COAL, COST OF ABATEMENT, CRUDE OIL, DAMAGES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DOMESTIC CARBON, DOMESTIC EMISSIONS, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC SOURCES, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, ECONOMIC IMPACTS, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC SECTORS, ECONOMICS, ELASTICITIES, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION INTENSITIES, EMISSION INTENSITY, EMISSION TRADING, EMISSIONS DATA, EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE, EMISSIONS FROM PRODUCTION, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS LEAKAGE, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, ENERGY GOODS, ENERGY POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, EQUILIBRIUM, EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORTS, FERROUS METALS, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL TRANSFERS, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL CONSUMPTION, GDP, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, INCENTIVE EFFECTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LAND-USE CHANGE, LOWER PRICES