The Poverty Impacts of Global Commodity Trade Liberalization
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper examines the poverty impacts
of global merchandise trade reform by looking at a wide
range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. Overall, the authors find that trade reform tends
to reduce poverty primarily through the inclusion of
agricultural components. The majority of developing country
sample experiences small poverty increases from
non-agricultural reforms. The authors explore the relative
poverty-friendliness of agricultural trade reforms in
detail, examining the differential impacts on real after-tax
factor returns of agricultural versus non-agricultural
reforms. This analysis is extended to the distribution of
households by looking at stratum-specific poverty changes.
The author's findings indicate that the more favorable
impacts of agricultural reforms are driven by increased
returns to peasant farm households' labor as well as
higher returns for unskilled wage labor. Finally, the
authors examine the commodity-specific poverty impacts of
trade reform for this sample of countries. The authors find
that liberalization of food grains and other processed foods
represent the largest contributions to poverty reduction.
More specifically, it is tariff reform in these commodity
markets that dominates the poverty increasing impacts of
wealthy country subsidy removal.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE VALUE, AGGREGATE POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AVERAGE INCOME, CHANGES IN POVERTY, COMMODITY PRICES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONSUMER DEMAND, CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR, CONSUMPTION DATA, COUNTRY CASE, COUNTRY SPECIFIC, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPING WORLD, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, EXPENDITURE, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORTERS, FARM EMPLOYMENT, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD EXPENDITURES, FOOD GRAINS, FOOD PRICE, GLOBAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, GROWTH RATE, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME TAX, INCOME TAXES, INCOMESHARE, INCREASE POVERTY, INEQUALITY, INSTRUMENT, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, LABOR MARKET, LONG RUN, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET SEGMENTATION, MEAT, MIGRANT LABOR, MISSING MARKETS, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, NATIONAL SAVINGS, NEGATIVE ENTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POLICY MEASURES, POLICY REFORMS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY CHANGE, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY INCREASES, POVERTY LEVEL, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY REDUCING, POVERTY REDUCTION, PREFERENTIAL MARKET ACCESS, PRICE CHANGES, PRO-POOR, REDUCING POVERTY, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, RETURN, RETURNS, RICH COUNTRIES, RURAL, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL LABOR, SAVINGS, TARIFF REVENUE, TAX, TAX RATE, TOTAL POVERTY, TRADE BALANCE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICY, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, TRUST FUNDS, UNDISTORTED PRICES, UNSKILLED LABOR