On the Quantity and Quality of Knowledge: The Impact of Openness and Foreign Research and Development on North-North and North-South Technology Spillovers
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World Bank, Washington, D.C.
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Knowledge accumulation means either new
knowledge (an increase in its quality), greater access to
existing knowledge (an increase in its quantity), or both.
The authors examine the relative contribution of these two
components of knowledge to total factor productivity (TFP)
for North-North and North-South trade-related knowledge
diffusion, with quantity, proxied by openness, and quality
by the research and development (R&D) content of trade.
The measure of foreign R&D used in the literature on
trade-related knowledge diffusion, imposes equal
contributions to TFP of openness, and of R&D content of
trade. The authors' analysis show that R&D has a
greater impact on TFP, than openness for North-North trade
and, conversely, openness has a greater impact on TFP, than
R&D for North-South trade. These results imply that the
impact of openness on TFP in developing (industrial)
countries is larger (smaller) than previously obtained in
this literature, and that developing countries can obtain
larger productivity gains from trade liberalization than
previously thought.
Palabras clave
INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, QUANTITATIVE DATA, RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, NORTH-SOUTH TRADE, NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS, KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, APPAREL, BILATERAL TRADE, COMPETITIVENESS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DOMESTIC INDUSTRY, DOMESTIC R&D, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMICS, ELASTICITIES, ELASTICITY, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, EQUIPMENT, EXOGENOUS VARIABLES, EXPENDITURES, EXPENDITURES ON R&D, FOREIGN R&D, FOREIGN RESEARCH, GDP, GROWTH THEORIES, IMPACT OF TRADE, IMPORTS, INCOME, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCREASING RETURNS, INTEGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS, LABOR COSTS, LOCALIZATION, MARGINAL PRODUCT, MARKET SIZE, METAL PRODUCTS, METALS, OPENNESS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC GOODS, QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS, R&D, R&D INTENSITY, R&D SPILLOVERS, R&D STOCK, R&D- INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, R&D-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TEXTILES, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DATA, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE PARTNERS, TRADE PATTERNS, TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY, VALUE ADDED, WOOD