Regional, Multilateral, and Unilateral Trade Policies on MERCOSUR for Growth and Poverty Reduction in Brazil
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The authors estimate that the Free Trade
Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), the EU-MERCOSUR agreement,
and multilateral trade policy changes will all be beneficial
for Brazil. The Brazilian government strategy of
simultaneously negotiating the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR
agreement, while supporting multilateral liberalization
through the Doha Agenda, will increase the benefits of each
of these policies. The authors estimate that the poorest
households typically gain roughly three to four times the
average for Brazil from any of the policies considerethe
United States protects its most highly protected markets.
Both the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR agreements are net
trade-creating for the countries involved, but excluded
countries almost always lose from the agreements. The
authors estimate that multilateral trade liberalization of
50 percent in tariffs and export subsidies results in gains
to the world more than four times greater than either the
FTAA or the EU-MERCOSUR agreement. This shows the continued
importance to the world trading community of the
multilateral negotiations.
Palabras clave
AGGREGATE GOODS, AGGREGATE IMPORTS, AGRICULTURAL MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, AGRICULTURE, ANDEAN PACT, ANTIDUMPING, ANTIDUMPING ACTIONS, APPAREL, AVERAGE TARIFF, AVERAGE TARIFF RATE, AVERAGE TARIFFS, BASE YEAR, BENCHMARK, BORDER PROTECTION, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL STOCK, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL ELASTICITIES, CENTRAL ELASTICITY, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CONSUMERS, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS UNION, DEMAND ELASTICITIES, DEVELOPMENT, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DYNAMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION, EMPLOYMENT, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, EQUIVALENT VARIATION, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT PRICES, EXPORT PROMOTION, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTS, EXPORT TAXES, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TARIFF, EXTERNAL TARIFFS, EXTERNAL TRADE, FACTOR SHARES, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, FREE ACCESS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREE TRADE AREA, GDP, GINI COEFFICIENT, GLOBAL COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GROWTH MODELS, IMPACT OF TRADE, IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION, IMPORT TARIFFS, INCOME, INCOME ELASTICITIES, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME MEASURES, INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW TARIFFS, MARKET POWER, MEMBER COUNTRIES, METAL PRODUCTS, MULTILATERAL LIBERALIZATION, MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS, MULTILATERAL TRADE, MULTILATERAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, OIL, OPEN ECONOMY, OPEN TRADE, OPEN TRADE REGIME, PARTNER COUNTRIES, PARTNER COUNTRY, PER CAPITA INCOME, POVERTY LINE, PREFERENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL MARKET ACCESS, PREFERENTIAL TARIFF, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENT, PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL TRADING, PREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS, PRIMARY FACTORS, PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, PRODUCT CATEGORIES, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECTION DATA, PROTECTION ESTIMATES, PURCHASING POWER, RATES OF PROTECTION, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, REAL INCOME, REAL WAGE RATES, REGIONAL ARRANGEMENT, REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, REGIONAL LIBERALIZATION, REGIONAL TRADE, REGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, STATIC EFFECTS, TARIFF BARRIERS, TARIFF CUT, TARIFF CUTS, TARIFF DATA, TARIFF EQUIVALENTS, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF LIBERALIZATION, TARIFF LINES, TARIFF PROTECTION, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATES, TARIFF REVENUE, TARIFF SCHEDULES, TECHNICAL CHANGE, THEORETICAL MODELS, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE, TRADE AGREEMENT, TRADE CREATION, TRADE DATA, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE POLICY OPTIONS, TRADE REFORMS, TRADING PARTNER, TRADING PARTNERS, TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN EXPORTS, UNIFORM TARIFFS, UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION, UNILATERAL TRADE, UNILATERAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, UNILATERAL TRADE POLICY, UNSKILLED LABOR, URUGUAY ROUND, UTILITY FUNCTION, UTILITY FUNCTIONS, VALUE ADDED, VALUE-ADDED TAXES, WAGE RATE, WAGE RATES, WAGES, WELFARE EFFECTS, WELFARE GAINS, WELFARE IMPACTS, WORLD MARKETS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO, ZERO TARIFFS REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL TRADE INTEGRATION, REGIONAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS, MERCOSUR, MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, OUTPUTS, PRICE DISTORTIONS, VALUE ADDED TAXES, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORT TAXES, MULTIFIBER ARRANGEMENTS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, FREE TRADE & PROTECTION, EUROPEAN UNION, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, TRADE POLICY, ZERO TARIFFS, REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS