China : Air Pollution and Acid Rain Control - The Case of Shijiazhuang and the Changsha Triangle Area
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Washington, DC
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This study, and the associated technical
assistance project, has three main objectives. The first is
to help localities in China address several questions
related to the planning, and implementation of SO2
emissions, and acid rain control: What are the environmental
consequences, specifically for localities of different
pollution control strategies, in terms of the impacts on
human health, agricultural productivity, and other sectors
and activities? What are the relative costs of different
sulfur emission reduction plans? Will the proposed
strategies enable localities to meet the environmental
targets set by the central government? The second objective
is to assist with capacity building, and training in China.
to enable cities and regions to carry out environmental, and
economic analyses of sulfur emission impacts, and control
programs. The third objective is to provide a forum for
discussion with the central government, primarily the State
Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), on the
results of the case studies, and the implications for
national policy with respect to sulfur control. This study
analyzes China's national sulfur pollution control
program, looking at local implementation plans, and actions
for reducing sulfur emissions in two municipalities-
Shijiazhuang and Changsha. The city of Shijiazhuang in Hebei
Province was chosen for a case study on ambient SO2
pollution control, representing a northern Chinese city,
while the tri-city region of Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan
in Hunan Province, was chosen to represent a southern area
experiencing serious levels of acid rain. The clear divide
between northern and southern cities and regions, indicate
that emission control efforts in the north will benefit from
access to significant quantities of low sulfur coal, the
lack of which in the south, will significantly increase the
cost of sulfur emission control. Other findings suggest that
gaining a better scientific understanding of the impacts of
sulfur emissions, and improving estimates of the relative
benefits of different control options, are two important
pieces of information for leveraging local implementation
efforts. While promoting policies with multiple benefits, is
an effective way of cutting sulfur pollution without
reliance on regulatory policies, or institutions.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT STRATEGIES, ACID DEPOSITION, ACID RAIN, ACIDIFICATION, ACIDS, AGGRAVATION OF ASTHMA, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS, AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, AMBIENT CONCENTRATION, AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS, AMBIENT POLLUTION, ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION, BED COMBUSTION, BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CARBON, CARBON MONOXIDE, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE, CO, COAL, COAL BURNING, COAL CONSUMPTION, COMBUSTION, COMMERCIAL ENERGY, COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS, CONCENTRATIONS, COSTS OF COMPLIANCE, DECISION MAKING, DESULFURIZATION, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EFFECTIVE STRATEGY, EFFICIENT BUILDINGS, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY, ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION ABATEMENT, EMISSION CHARGES, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION CONTROL EQUIPMENT, EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, EMISSION ESTIMATES, EMISSION QUOTAS, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, EMISSIONS ABATEMENT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINE PARTICULATE MATTER, FINE PARTICULATES, FLUE GAS, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL MIX, FUEL SUBSTITUTION, FUEL SWITCHING, FUELS, GAS DESULFURIZATION, GAS TRANSMISSION, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, HIGH SULFUR COAL, HUMAN HEALTH, INDUSTRIAL BOILERS, LAKES, LEACHING, LEGISLATION, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOW SULFUR COAL, MINES, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL GAS, NITRATES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN OXIDES, NOX, NUTRIENTS, PARTICULATE MATTER, PARTICULATES, PETROLEUM GAS, PH, PM10, POINT SOURCES, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLLUTERS, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT, POLLUTION PREVENTION, POLLUTION PROBLEMS, POLLUTION REGULATION, POWER PLANTS, PRECIPITATION, PRODUCTIVITY, RESTRICTIONS, SNOW, SO2, SOILS, SOLID WASTE, SOX, SULFATE, SULFATE PARTICLES, SULFATES, SULFUR, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, SULFUR EMISSIONS, SULFURIC ACID, THERMAL POWER, THERMAL POWER PLANTS, TOTAL SULFUR, TRADABLE PERMIT, TRADABLE PERMIT SYSTEM, URBAN AREAS, VOC, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS