Sources of Welfare Disparities Across and Within Regions of Brazil : Evidence from the 2002-03 Household Budget Survey
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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Brazil's inequalities in welfare
and poverty across and within regions can be accounted for
by differences in household attributes and returns to those
attributes. This paper uses Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions at
the mean as well as at different quantiles of welfare
distributions on regionally representative household survey
data (2002-03 Household Budget Survey). The analysis finds
that household attributes account for most of the welfare
differences between urban and rural areas within regions.
However, comparing the lagging Northeast region with the
leading Southeast region, differences in returns to
attributes account for a large part of the welfare
disparities, in particular in metropolitan areas, supporting
the presence of agglomeration effects in booming areas.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ACCOUNTING, AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC NEEDS, BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES, CASH TRANSFER, CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, CONTRIBUTION, CONTRIBUTIONS, COUNTERFACTUAL, CREDIT MARKETS, CURRENT INCOME, CURRENT INCOMES, DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY, DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENDOWMENTS, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, EXPENDITURE, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILY SIZE, FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, GENDER, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL ASSETS, INCOME, INCOME GAP, INCOME INEQUALITY, INEQUALITIES, INEQUALITY, INSURANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTING, KIDS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVEL OF POVERTY, LIMITED ACCESS, LIVING STANDARDS, MARITAL STATUS, MARKET FAILURES, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, NUTRITION, PENSION, PENSION SYSTEM, PENSIONS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL INFLUENCE, POOR, POOR AREAS, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMS, POVERTY SEVERITY, PRICE INDEX, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC CREDITS, PUBLIC GOODS, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PULL FACTORS, RATE OF RETURN, RATES OF RETURN, RURAL, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DIFFERENCES, RURAL DISPARITIES, RURAL GAP, RURAL INEQUALITY, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL REGIONS, RURAL SECTORS, RURAL WELFARE, SANITATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SINGLE PERSON, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL CONCERNS, SOCIAL CUSTOMS, SOCIAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SPOUSE, TARGETING, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT, TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTER, URBAN POVERTY, VALUABLE, WAGE, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, WORTH