Responding to Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge : Lessons and Policy Implications from a Development Perspective
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Opium, Afghanistan's leading
economic activity, lies at the heart of the challenges the
country faces in state building, governance, security, and
development. With their narrow law enforcement focus and
limited recognition of development, security, and political
implications, current global counter-narcotics polices
impose a heavy burden on Afghanistan. This paper first
provides a summary overview of Afghanistan's opium
economy and the factors determining rural households'
decisions on cultivating opium poppy. It then discusses the
dynamic evolution of the Afghan drug industry in recent
years, in particular its consolidation around fewer,
powerful, politically-connected actors and the associated
compromising of parts of some government agencies by drug
industry interests. The paper reviews the experience with
different counter-narcotics interventions, analyzes some
proposals not yet tried in Afghanistan, and draws lessons
and policy implications. Unfortunately there are no
"silver bullets"-easy, quick, or one-dimensional
solutions, and a longer-term horizon along with sustained
commitment and resources will be required in order to phase
out the opium economy over time. The paper concludes by
putting forward some broad principles and approaches of a
"smart strategy" against drugs in Afghanistan.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ASSETS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES, ADVERSE IMPACT, ADVERSE IMPACTS, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES, ALMONDS, ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS, ASSET SALES, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL FLIGHT, CARTEL, CASH-FOR-WORK, CEREALS, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, COMMODITY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COPING MECHANISMS, CROP, CROP SUBSTITUTION, CROPPING, CROPPING PATTERNS, CROPS, DEBT, DEPENDENCE, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DRUG CONTROL, DRUG INDUSTRY, DRUG USE, DRUG USERS, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORTS, FARM, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM INCOME, FARM-GATE, FARMERS, FERTILIZER, FOODGRAINS, GRAIN, GROWING SEASON, HARVESTING, HARVESTS, HEROIN, HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ILLICIT DRUGS, ILLICIT OPIATES, INVENTORIES, IRRIGATION, LABOR MARKETS, LIQUIDITY, LIVELIHOODS ACTIVITIES, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, MORPHINE, MULTIPLIER EFFECTS, NARCOTICS, OPIATE, OPIUM, OPIUM CULTIVATION, OPIUM ECONOMY, OPIUM POPPY, OPIUM PRODUCTION, OPPORTUNITY COST, PHARMACEUTICALS, PLANTING, POORER AREAS, POPPY CULTIVATION, POPPY ERADICATION, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRICE FLUCTUATIONS, PRODUCTION INCENTIVES, PRODUCTION OF WHEAT, REMOTE AREAS, RISK PREMIUM, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL FINANCE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL PROJECTS, RURAL WAGES, SEEDS, SHARECROPPERS, SIDE EFFECTS, SOIL QUALITY, SPRING, STRAW, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER USE, WATERLOGGED SOILS, WEALTH, WHEAT FLOUR, YIELDS