The number of tree species on Earth

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dc.creatorCazzolla Gatti, Roberto
dc.creatorReich, Peter B.
dc.creatorGamarra, Javier G.P.
dc.creatorCrowther, Tom
dc.creatorHui, Cang
dc.creatorMorera, Albert
dc.creatorBastin, Jean-Francois
dc.creatorMiguel, Sergio de
dc.creatorNabuurs, Gert-Jan
dc.creatorSvenning, Jens-Christian
dc.creatorSerra-Diaz, Josep M.
dc.creatorMerow, Cory
dc.creatorEnquist, Brian
dc.creatorKamenetsky, Maria
dc.creatorLee, Junho
dc.creatorZhu, Jun
dc.creatorFang, Jinyun
dc.creatorJacobs, Douglass F
dc.creatorPijanowski, Bryan
dc.creatorBanerjee, Arindam
dc.creatorGiaquinto, Robert A.
dc.creatorAlberti, Giorgio
dc.creatorAlmeyda Zambrano, Angelica Maria
dc.creatorÁlvarez Dávila, Esteban
dc.creatorAraújo Murakami, Alejandro
dc.creatorAvitabile, Valerio
dc.creatorAymard, Gerardo A.
dc.creatorBalazy, Radomir
dc.creatorBaraloto, Chris
dc.creatorBarroso, Jorcely G.
dc.creatorBastian, Meredith L.
dc.creatorBirnbaum, Philippe
dc.creatorBitariho, Robert
dc.creatorBogaert, Jan
dc.creatorBongers, Frans
dc.creatorBouriaud, Olivier
dc.creatorBrancalion, Pedro H.S.
dc.creatorBrearley, Francis Q.
dc.creatorBroadbent, Eben North
dc.creatorBussotti, Filippo
dc.creatorCastro da Silva, Wendeson
dc.creatorCésar, Ricardo Gomes
dc.creatorČešljar, Goran
dc.creatorChama Moscoso, Víctor
dc.creatorChen, Han Y.H.
dc.creatorCienciala, Emil
dc.creatorClark, Connie J.
dc.creatorCoomes, David A.
dc.creatorDayanandan, Selvadurai
dc.creatorDecuyper, Mathieu
dc.creatorDee, Laura E.
dc.creatorAguila Pasquel, Jhon del
dc.creatorDerroire, Géraldine
dc.creatorDjuikouo Kamden, Marie Noel
dc.creatorVan Do, Tran
dc.creatorDolezal, Jiri
dc.creatorĐorđević, Ilija Đ.
dc.creatorEngel, Julien
dc.creatorFayle, Tom M.
dc.creatorFeldpausch, Ted R.
dc.creatorFridman, Jonas K.
dc.creatorHarris, David J.
dc.creatorHemp, Andreas
dc.creatorHengeveld, Geerten
dc.creatorHerault, Bruno
dc.creatorHerold, Martin
dc.creatorIbanez, Thomas
dc.creatorJagodzinski, Andrzej M.
dc.creatorJaroszewicz, Bogdan
dc.creatorJeffery, Kathryn J.
dc.creatorJohannsen, Vivian Kvist
dc.creatorJucker, Tommaso
dc.creatorKangur, Ahto
dc.creatorKarminov, Victor N.
dc.creatorKartawinata, Kuswata
dc.creatorKennard, Deborah K.
dc.creatorKepfer-Rojas, Sebastian
dc.creatorKeppel, Gunnar
dc.creatorKhan, Mohammed Latif
dc.creatorKhare, Pramod Kumar
dc.creatorKileen, Timothy J.
dc.creatorKim, Hyun Seok
dc.creatorKorjus, Henn
dc.creatorKumar, Amit
dc.creatorKumar, Ashwani
dc.creatorLaarmann, Diana
dc.creatorLabrière, Nicolas
dc.creatorLang, Mait
dc.creatorLewis, Simon L.
dc.creatorLukina, Natalia
dc.creatorMaitner, Brian S.
dc.creatorMalhi, Yadvinder
dc.creatorMarshall, Andrew R.
dc.creatorMartynenko, Olga V.
dc.creatorMonteagudo Mendoza, Abel L.
dc.creatorOntikov, Petr V.
dc.creatorOrtíz Malavasi, Edgar
dc.creatorPallqui Camacho, Nadir C.
dc.creatorPaquette, Alain
dc.creatorPark, Minjee
dc.creatorParthasarathy, Narayanaswamy
dc.creatorPeri, Pablo Luis
dc.creatorPetronelli, Pascal
dc.creatorPfautsch, Sebastian
dc.creatorPhillips, Oliver L.
dc.creatorPicard, Nicolas
dc.creatorPiotto, Daniel
dc.creatorPoorter, Lourens
dc.creatorPoulsen, John R.
dc.creatorPretzsch, Hans
dc.creatorRamírez Angulo, Hirma
dc.creatorRestrepo Correa, Zorayda
dc.creatorRodeghiero, Mirco
dc.creatorRojas Gonzáles, Rocío Del Pilar
dc.creatorRolim, Samir G.
dc.creatorRovero, Francesco
dc.creatorRutishauser, Ervan
dc.creatorSaikia, Purabi
dc.creatorSalas-Eljatib, Christian
dc.creatorSchepaschenko, Dmitry
dc.creatorScherer-Lorenzen, Michael
dc.creatorŠebeň, Vladimír
dc.creatorSilveira, Marcos
dc.creatorSlik, Ferry
dc.creatorSonké, Bonaventure
dc.creatorSouza, Alexandre F.
dc.creatorStereńczak, Krzysztof Jan
dc.creatorSvoboda, Miroslav
dc.creatorTaedoumg, Hermann
dc.creatorTchebakova, Nadja
dc.creatorTerborgh, John
dc.creatorTikhonova, Elena
dc.creatorTorres-Lezama, Armando
dc.creatorPlas, Fons van der
dc.creatorVásquez, Rodolfo
dc.creatorViana, Helder
dc.creatorVibrans, Alexander C.
dc.creatorVilanova, Emilio
dc.creatorVos, Vincent A.
dc.creatorWang, Hua-Feng
dc.creatorWesterlund, Bertil
dc.creatorWhite, Lee J.T.
dc.creatorWiser, Susan K.
dc.creatorZawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz
dc.creatorZemagho, Lise
dc.creatorZhu, Zhi-Xin
dc.creatorZo-Bi, Irié C.
dc.creatorLiang, Jingjing
dc.date2022-02-08
dc.date2023-05-24T06:09:17Z
dc.date2023-05-24T06:09:17Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T13:21:35Z
dc.descriptionOne of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/130476
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/56881
dc.languageen
dc.publisherNational Academy of Sciences
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceCazzolla Gatti R, Reich, PB, Gamarra, JGP, Crowther T, Hui C, Morera A, Bastin JF, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Svenning JC, Serra-Diaz JM, Merow C, Enquist B, Kamenetsky M, Lee J, Zhu J, Fang J, Jacobs DF, Pijanowski B, Banerjee A, Giaquinto RA, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarez-Davila E, Araujo-Murakami A, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Balazy R, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Bogaert J, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brearley FQ, Broadbent EN, Bussotti F, Castro da Silva W, César RG, Češljar G, Chama Moscoso V, Chen HYH, Cienciala E, Clark CJ, Coomes DA, Dayanandan S, Decuyper M, Dee LE, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Djuikouo MNK, Van Do T, Dolezal J, Đorđević IĐ, Engel J, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Fridman JK, Harris DJ, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Herault B, Herold M, Ibanez T, Jagodzinski AM, Jaroszewicz B, Jeffery KJ, Johannsen VK, Jucker T, Kangur A, Karminov VN, Kartawinata K, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Khare PK, Kileen TJ, Kim HS, Korjus H, Kumar A, Kumar A, Laarmann D, Labrière N, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lukina N, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marshall AR, Martynenko OV, Monteagudo Mendoza AL, Ontikov PV, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pallqui Camacho NC, Paquette A, Park M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Petronelli P, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piotto D, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramírez-Angulo H, Restrepo Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rojas Gonzáles RDP, Rolim SG, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Šebeň V, Silveira M, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Stereńczak KJ, Svoboda M, Taedoumg H, Tchebakova N, Terborgh J, Tikhonova E, Torres-Lezama A, van der Plas F, Vásquez R, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Wang HF, Westerlund B, White LJT, Wiser SK, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zemagho L, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Liang J. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 119(6): e2115329119. 11 p. ISSN: 0027-8424
dc.subjectbiodiversity
dc.subjectforests
dc.subjecthyperdominance
dc.subjectrarity
dc.subjectrichness
dc.titleThe number of tree species on Earth
dc.typeJournal Article

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