Mongolia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Mongolia has very significant natural
resources and a large part of the population is dependent on
them for their daily living. The impact of the state of the
environment on the living standards of herders is obvious,
but also Mongolians living in the capital Ulaanbaatar have
learned that air pollution, especially in winter, and other
environmental problems have a deep impact on their living
standards. The Government of the Netherlands has established
a Trust Fund at the World Bank to support environmental
activities in Mongolia. Under this framework, the World Bank
contracted the first Environment and Natural Resource
Management Socio-economic Survey for Mongolia (ENRMSS) to
the National Statistical Office and an international
consultant, the aim of this survey is to investigate public
views on environmental issues and to measure the impact of
environmental problems on human welfare, measured in
economic terms. The first part of section five is devoted to
wildlife hunting, fishing and wild nuts and fruits
gathering, while the second part of this section focuses on
energy consumption. Both complete and complement the
information on consumption estimated in the Socioeconomic
Survey (SES). Section six presents perception and opinions
of herders on issues such as the number of animals in
Mongolia or the best way to manage animal movements.
Finally, section seven shows results on perceptions and
opinions of Mongolians regarding nature and the environment.
Palabras clave
AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM, AIR QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE APPROACH, ANIMAL, ANIMAL MOVEMENTS, BIODIVERSITY, BIOMASS, BORDER LINE, BROWN BEAR, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CATFISH, CITIZENS, CLEAN-UP, COAL, COMMERCIAL TRADE, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONSERVATION, CONSERVATION EFFORTS, CONTINGENT VALUATION, CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD, DEER, DEFORESTATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISSEMINATION, DOG, DRINKING WATER, DRINKING WATER QUALITY, ECOLOGY, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMICS, ENCROACHMENT, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, FAUNA, FENCES, FENCING, FISH, FISHING, FLORA, FOREST, FOREST COVER, FOREST FIRE, FOREST MANAGEMENT, GAS, GAZELLE, GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY, GRASSLANDS, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN WELFARE, ILLEGAL HUNTING, ILLEGAL LOGGING, ILLEGAL WILDLIFE, ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE, INSECT, INSURANCE SCHEMES, KEY INDICATORS, LAKES, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND ECONOMICS, LAND USE, LEGAL STATUS, LITTER, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK HERDERS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOGGING, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, LOSS OF WILDLIFE, MEAT, METALS, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MOUNTAINS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL PROJECT, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE CONSERVATION, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, OIL, OPEN SOCIETY, OVERGRAZING, PASTURE, PASTURES, PIPED WATER, PIPELINE, PIT LATRINE, PLASTIC BAGS, POACHING, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLLUTION ABATEMENT, POLLUTION REDUCTION, PROGRESS, PROTECTED AREAS, RED DEER, REINDEER, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RESPECT, RIVERS, ROADS, ROE DEER, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATION, SAIGA ANTELOPE, SANITATION, SANITATION ASSESSMENT, SANITATION FACILITY, SANITATION SERVICES, SEWER SYSTEM, SHEEP, SOLAR PANELS, SOLID WASTE, SOLID WASTE COLLECTION, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, SPECIES, SUSTAINABLE ACCESS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TOURISM, TOWNS, TREE, URBAN AIR POLLUTION, URBAN AREAS, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER DISTRIBUTION, WATER SOURCE, WATER SUPPLY, WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES, WELLS, WILD ANIMALS, WILD GOAT, WILD PIG, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE HUNTING, WILDLIFE TRADE, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WTP