Lao PDR - Labor Standards and Productivity in the Garments Export Sector : A Survey of Managers and Workers
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Washington, DC
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This report describes labor practices in
the Lao garments export sector as seen by both management
and labor. The main objective of this report is to present
the differing perspectives on working conditions between
managers and workers, and to explore ways in which the Lao
garment sector could break out of this unsustainable
situation. More specifically, insights on management
practices, working conditions and worker motivation, as well
as industry technology and workflow practices, are drawn
from the survey and recommendations made on what firms,
industry, government and development partners can do to
boost productivity in the sector. This study seeks to
investigate further possible factors contributing to
low-productivity including management practices, working
conditions and worker motivation, as well as industry
technology and workflow practices. In order for the garment
sector to progress, this study points to possibilities to
increase worker wellbeing, reduce turnover and improve
productivity through mutually reinforcing actions. Possible
interventions include: a transition support program and
improved labor market information systems to support labor
force entry; better worker representation and dispute
resolution mechanisms; and, a factories improvement program
that would include monitoring/certification systems to
provide incentives for firms to improve conditions as a
means of accessing elusive premium buyers.
Palabras clave
ACTIVE LABOUR, AGE OF MARRIAGE, ANNUAL LEAVE, APPAREL INDUSTRY, APPAREL SECTOR, ATTRITION, BARGAINING POWER, BASIC LIVING EXPENSES, BASIC NEEDS, BIG CITY, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BUSINESS OPERATIONS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CERTIFICATION PROGRAM, CERTIFICATION SCHEME, CHILD LABOR, CHILDBIRTH, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, COMPENSATION, COMPENSATION PACKAGE, COMPETITIVE MARKET, CONSUMER PRODUCTS, CORE LABOUR STANDARDS, DEPENDANTS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISABILITY, DISCRIMINATION, DISSEMINATION, DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION, DIVISION OF LABOUR, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOWNWARD WAGE PRESSURES, DRINKING WATER, DRIVERS, DRUGS, EARNING, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION FOR GIRLS, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EXISTING WORKFORCE, FACTORY FLOOR, FACTORY GATES, FAMILIES, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FIRE SAFETY, FIRM LEVEL, FIRM PERFORMANCE, FIRM SIZE, FIRM SURVEY, FIRM SURVEYS, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FORCED LABOR, FORCED LABOUR, FOREIGN-OWNED FIRM, FOREIGN-OWNED FIRMS, FREE TRADE, FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILO CONVENTIONS, IMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONS, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SYSTEM, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SYSTEMS, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONALIZATION, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOUR, LABOUR COSTS, LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOUR LAW, LABOUR LAWS, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MARKET INFORMATION, LABOUR MARKET REGULATION, LABOUR MARKETS, LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOUR REGULATIONS, LABOUR RELATIONS, LABOUR SHORTAGES, LABOUR STANDARDS, LABOUR SUPPLY, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL COMMUNITY, LOW LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, MALE COUNTERPARTS, MALE WORKERS, MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES, MARITAL STATUS, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKETING, MARRIED MEN, MATERNITY LEAVE, MEDICAL CARE, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MINIMUM WAGE, MINIMUM WAGES, MINISTRY OF LABOUR, MOTIVATION, MULTI-NATIONAL COMPANIES, NATIONALS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUMBER OF WORKERS, OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, OUTPUTS, OVERTIME REQUIREMENTS, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES, PATIENT, PENSIONS, PLANT CLOSURE, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION CENSUS, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS, PRIVATE SECTORS, PRODUCTION UNITS, PRODUCTION WAGES, PRODUCTION WORKERS, PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HOSPITALS, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PULL FACTOR, PUNITIVE MEASURES, QUALITY ASSURANCE, RATES OF GROWTH, RECREATION, REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, REMITTANCES, REPLACEMENT WORKERS, RETENTION RATES, RETIREMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SAFETY, SAFETY STANDARDS, SANITATION, SANITATION FACILITIES, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SELF-ESTEEM, SEX, SIBLINGS, SICK LEAVE, SITUATION OF WOMEN, SKILL LEVEL, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED LABOUR, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SMALL BUSINESS, SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY, SOCIAL COMPLIANCE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAIN, SURVIVAL RATES, TOTAL WORKER, TOXINS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE UNIONS, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, TRANSPORTATION, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, UNSKILLED JOBS, UNSKILLED WORKER, UNSKILLED WORKERS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN MIGRATION, URBANIZATION, VENTILATION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WOMAN, WOMEN WORKERS, WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORKER, WORKER HEALTH, WORKER REPRESENTATION, WORKERS, WORKFORCE SKILLS, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING HOURS, WORKPLACE, WORKPLACE CONDITIONS, YOUNG WOMEN