Performance evaluation of proximal sensors for soil assessment in smallholder farms in Embu County, Kenya

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dc.creatorPiikki, Kristin
dc.creatorSöderström, Mats
dc.creatorEriksson, Jan
dc.creatorMuturi, John Jamleck
dc.creatorMuthee, Patrick Ireri
dc.creatorWetterlind, Johanna
dc.creatorLund, Eric
dc.date2016
dc.date2016-12-09T20:19:12Z
dc.date2016-12-09T20:19:12Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T14:41:15Z
dc.descriptionFour proximal soil sensors were tested at four smallholder farms in Embu County, Kenya: a portable X-ray fluorescence sensor (PXRF), a mobile phone application for soil color determination by photography, a dual-depth electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, and a LED-based soil optical reflectance sensor. Measurements were made at 32–43 locations at each site. Topsoil samples were analyzed for plant-available nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe), pH, total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC), soil texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable aluminum (Al). Multivariate prediction models of each of the lab-analyzed soil properties were parameterized for 576 sensor-variable combinations. Prediction models for K, N, Ca and S, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, TC, Al, and CEC met the setup criteria for functional, robust, and accurate models. The PXRF sensor was the sensor most often included in successful models. We concluded that the combination of a PXRF and a portable soil reflectance sensor is a promising combination of handheld soil sensors for the development of in situ soil assessments as a field-based alternative or complement to laboratory measurements.
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/78258
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/85452
dc.languageen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourcePiikki, Kristin; Söderström, Mats; Eriksson, Jan; Muturi, John Jamleck; Muthee, Patrick Ireri; Wetterlind, Johanna; Lund, Eric. 2016. Performance evaluation of proximal sensors for soil assessment in smallholder farms in Embu County, Kenya . Sensors. 16 (11): 1950.
dc.subjectsoil
dc.subjectsmallholders
dc.subjectsubsistence farming
dc.subjectsensors
dc.subjectsampling
dc.subjectsoils properties
dc.subjectsuelo
dc.subjectagricultura de subsistencia
dc.subjectsensores
dc.subjectmuestreo
dc.titlePerformance evaluation of proximal sensors for soil assessment in smallholder farms in Embu County, Kenya
dc.typeJournal Article

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Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)