HIV in the European Region : Vulnerability and Response
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This report aims to describe the
dynamics of HIV epidemics among vulnerable and key
populations at high risk in the European region, focusing
specifically on people who inject drugs (PWID), sex workers
(SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM). It does so in
order to inform future HIV prevention, treatment and care
responses as well as to guide future HIV prevention
surveillance and research. In addition to a description of
methods (below), the report comprises three main sections.
Chapter 2 synthesizes evidence drawn from European HIV
surveillance data (chapter 2.1) and targeted HIV prevalence
studies (chapter 2.2). Chapter 3 synthesizes evidence drawn
from systematic reviews of epidemiological studies among
PWID (chapter 3.1), SWs (chapter 3.2) and MSM (chapter 3.3).
Chapter 4 draws upon the evidence reviewed in Chapter 3 as
well as the international literature more broadly to
consider implications for strengthening responses, including
in relation to HIV surveillance (chapter 4.1) and HIV
prevention for PWID (chapter 4.2), SWs (chapter 4.3) and MSM
(chapter 4.4). In chapter 5, the authors draw our conclusions.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, ACCESS TO TREATMENT, ADDICTION, AFFLUENT AREAS, AIDS CONTROL, AMPHETAMINES, ANAL SEX, BEHAVIOUR CHANGE, BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES, BULLETIN, CASUAL PARTNERS, CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS, CLINICS, CONDOM, CONDOM PROMOTION, CONDOMS, CONSISTENT CONDOM USE, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, COUNSELLING, CRIME, DIAGNOSES, DIAGNOSIS, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASE, DISEASE CONTROL, DISEASE PREVENTION, DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL, DISSEMINATION, DRUG ADDICTION, DRUG DEPENDENCE, DRUG INJECTING, DRUG RESISTANCE, DRUG TREATMENT, DRUG USER, DRUG USERS, DRUGS, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, EPIDEMIC, EPIDEMICS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, EPIDEMIOLOGY, EQUITABLE ACCESS, FATIGUE, FEMALE SEX WORKERS, FEWER PEOPLE, GAY MEN, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, HARM REDUCTION, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, HEALTH IMPACT, HEALTH INDICATORS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH SERVICES, HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION, HIGH RISK BEHAVIOURS, HIV, HIV INFECTION, HIV INFECTION RATES, HIV INFECTIONS, HIV PREVENTION, HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, HIV TESTING, HIV TRANSMISSION, HIV/AIDS, HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, HYGIENE, ILLNESS, INFECTION RATES, INJECTING DRUG USE, INJECTING DRUG USERS, INJECTING DRUGS, INTERCOURSE, INTERPRETERS, INTERVENTION, LAWS, LEGAL RIGHTS, LEGAL STATUS, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, MALE PARTNERS, MALE SEX, MEDICAL CARE, MEDICATION, MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WOMEN, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MINORITY, NATIONAL LEVEL, NEEDLES, NUMBER OF AIDS CASES, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF SEX PARTNERS, PATIENT, PEER GROUPS, PHARMACIES, PHARMACY, PHYSICAL VIOLENCE, PILOT PROJECTS, POLICY BRIEF, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION GROUPS, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PREVALENCE, PREVALENCE OF GONORRHOEA, PREVALENCE OF SYPHILIS, PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, PRISONS, PRIVACY, PROPHYLAXIS, PUBLIC HEALTH, RATES OF CONDOM USE, RISK BEHAVIOUR, RISK FACTORS, RISK REDUCTION, RISK STATUS, SAFER SEX, SAME SEX, SELF-ESTEEM, SERVICE PROVISION, SEX, SEX INDUSTRY, SEX WITH MEN, SEX WORK, SEX WORKER, SEX WORKERS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS, SEXUAL HEALTH, SEXUAL HEALTH SERVICES, SEXUAL PARTNERS, SEXUAL PRACTICES, SEXUAL RISK, SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOURS, SEXUAL RISKS, SEXUAL TRANSMISSION, SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, SOCIAL CHANGES, SOCIAL CONDITIONS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, STERILE SYRINGES, STIS, SUBSTITUTION THERAPY, SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT, SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES, SURVEILLANCE DATA, SYPHILIS, SYRINGES, THERAPY, TREATMENT, TREATY, TROPICAL MEDICINE, TUBERCULOSIS, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, UNPLANNED PREGNANCY, UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE, UNPROTECTED SEX, UNWANTED PREGNANCIES, VACCINATION, VIOLENCE, VIRAL HEPATITIS, VIRAL LOAD, VOLUNTARY TESTING, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS