Estimating the Social Profitability of India's Rural Roads Program : A Bumpy Ride
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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India's rural roads program,
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, aims to draw villagers
into the mainstream by improving not only their terms of
trade, but also their educational attainments and health.
Treating each all-weather feeder road as an isolated element
within the larger network, and using shadow prices to value
the main components of costs and benefits, the paper
demonstrates that further investments in the program are,
with high probability, socially profitable, especially in
poorer and more densely settled regions. Taking the entire
set of new individual roads together, qualitative arguments
suggest that their external and spill-over effects on the
system as a whole probably generate some net additional
benefits, but of very uncertain magnitude.
Palabras clave
ACCESSIBILITY, ACCIDENTS, ADOLESCENTS, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, AGRICULTURE, BIKES, BONDS, CAPITAL MARKETS, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, CONGESTION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMERS, COST ANALYSIS, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, DECISION VARIABLES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIESEL, DISCOUNT RATE, DISTORTIONARY TAXES, DISTRICT ROADS, DRAUGHT ANIMALS, DRINKING WATER, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, ELASTICITY, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, EMPIRICAL BASIS, EQUIVALENT VARIATION, EXPECTED UTILITY, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNAL COSTS, EXTERNALITIES, EXTERNALITY, FAMILIES, FEEDER ROAD, FEEDER ROADS, FOOTPATHS, FUNCTIONAL FORMS, GDP, GROWTH RATE, HIGHWAY, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME, INCREASING RETURNS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INJURY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ISOLATION, JOURNEY, MARGINAL UTILITY, MARKET PRICES, MARKETING, MIGRATION, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, MOTOR FUEL, NATIONAL INCOME, NET EXPORTS, OPPORTUNITY COST, PATIENT, PATIENTS, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLLUTION, POPULATION GROWTH, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, PROFITABILITY, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC GOODS, RECONSTRUCTION, REDUCTION IN TRAVEL, ROAD, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD PRICING, ROAD PROJECTS, RURAL ROAD, RURAL ROADS, RURAL TRAFFIC, SAVINGS, SHADOW PRICES, STATE HIGHWAYS, SUNK COSTS, TAXATION, TAXIS, TERMS OF TRADE, TRAFFIC VOLUMES, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, TRIP, TRIPS, TRUCKS, UTILITY FUNCTION, VOLUME OF TRAFFIC, WAGE RATES, WAGES, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WORKERS, YOUNG ADULTS