Monitoring of Glaciers, Climate, and Runoff in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Mountains
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Hydrometeorological monitoring, as
discussed here, describes the activities required to
characterize the properties and processes of the hydrosphere
as it exists in the three-dimensional mesoscale environment
of the high-mountain catchment basins of the Hindu
Kush-Himalaya (HKH) Mountains. Credible monitoring involves:
(a) functional institutions; (b) operational instruments;
(c) trained, motivated individuals; (d) scientific
procedures; and (e) dedicated funding. Establishing a
regional hydro-meteorological research facility in the HKH
Mountains will involve developing solutions in the areas of
integrated data collection and analysis procedures,
instrument selection and placement, compatibility of
monitoring instruments and procedures, training of
personnel, procedures related to scale and modeling,
ensuring accessibility of monitoring sites, and management,
analysis, and archiving of the acquired data, all in the
context of processes within the mountain basins, not in the
adjacent lowlands. Mountain hydrometeorology is defined by a
set of complex, three-dimensional, biophysical environments,
produced by interactions among terrain, geology, and
meteorology. The homogeneity seen from the distant lowlands
becomes a complex mosaic of environments within the
headwater basins. Altitude determines the properties of an
atmospheric column extending upwards from a point within the
mountains. These atmospheric properties determine the
potential water and energy budgets at a point, or within a
basin, in the mountains. Relief, slope aspect and angle,
defines local topography.
Palabras clave
SUMMER TEMPERATURES, LOCAL TEMPERATURE, ICE STREAM, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, SEASONAL PRECIPITATION, METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT, TEMPERATURE, CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES, RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, TEMPERATURE RANGE, CLIMATIC RECORDS, CLIMATE VARIATIONS, WIND SPEED, CLIMATIC GRADIENTS, CLIMATOLOGISTS, HYDROLOGICAL RECORDS, TEMPORAL VARIATIONS, SURFACE ENERGY, CLIMATE CHANGE ANALYSIS, METEOROLOGY, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS, ICE MELTING, HYDROLOGY, WIND, CLIMATES, CLIMATE VARIATION, SEASONAL TEMPERATURE, SURFACE REFLECTANCE, INTENSE RAINFALL, HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE, GLACIER RETREAT, SURFACE LAYERS, MOUNTAIN GLACIERS, SURFACE ROUGHNESS, SOLAR RADIATION, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, AIR, GLACIAL LAKE, CLIMATE DYNAMICS, HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, CLIMATIC BEHAVIOR, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CYCLES, RAIN DAYS, ICE COVER, HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS, SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE, SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL, WARMING CLIMATE, ICE STREAMS, GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE, ICE VOLUME, REGIONAL CLIMATE, TEMPERATURE INCREASES, GLACIER MELT RUNOFF, AVERAGE RAINFALL, RAINY DAYS, METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS, CLIMATE VARIABLES, CLOUDS, CLIMATE ANALYSIS, TEMPORAL RESOLUTION, RAINFALL INTENSITY, TEMPERATURE DATA, CLIMATE NETWORKS, ATLANTIC OCEAN, CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, GLACIER INVENTORY, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, GLACIERS, REGIONAL CLIMATES, CLIMATE MONITORING SYSTEMS, CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE, CLIMATIC INFORMATION, CLIMATIC RECORD, CLIMATE MODELS, MINIMUM TEMPERATURES, ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST, RAINFALL DATA, LAND SURFACE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE, TEMPERATURE RECORD, TEMPERATURE CHANGE, SURFACE ELEVATION, CLIMATE TRENDS, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, SEA ICE, CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES, CLIMATE RESEARCH UNIT, SCIENTIST, LAND SURFACE MODELS, CLIMATE-CHANGE, HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, CLIMATE SYSTEMS, CLIMATE CHANGE, SCIENCE, GLACIER MELT, CLOUDY CONDITIONS, ICE MASSES, CLIMATIC VARIABLES, GLOBAL CLIMATE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES, CLIMATE DATA, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, EXTREME CONDITIONS, GLACIER MELTING, CLIMATE, GLACIAL LAKES, TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS, CLIMATE SYSTEM, CLIMATE STATIONS, INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE, ICE TONGUES, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, DAILY TEMPERATURE, CLIMATE CHANGES, SEASON, GLOBAL TEMPERATURE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, RAINFALL–RUNOFF, CLIMATIC FACTORS, CONVECTIVE RAINFALL, HYDROLOGICAL REGIME, SUMMER TEMPERATURE, AIR TEMPERATURE, CLIMATIC CHANGE, GLACIAL ICE, OCEANS, HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES, SCIENTISTS, ICE MELT, SURFACE PARAMETERS, CLIMATE MONITORING, ICE CAPS, CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, RAINFALL MEASUREMENT, COLD CLIMATES, HYDROLOGICAL REGIMES, RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION, CLIMATE ACTION, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, GLOBAL CLIMATE OBSERVING SYSTEM, ICE, ICE AGE, TEMPERATURES, CLIMATE FORCING, RAIN, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, MEAN TEMPERATURE, SURFACE AIR, TEMPERATURE RECORDS, SUMMER RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE CHANGES, METEOROLOGICAL DATA, TEMPORAL VARIATION, CLIMATOLOGY, HYDROLOGICAL BUDGET, CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE, HYDROMETEOROLOGY, CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS, CLIMATIC VARIABILITY, SEASONS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, HYDROLOGICAL MODELS, MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, HYDROLOGICAL DATA, AIR MASS, RAINFALL RUNOFF, RAINFALL TREND, SURFACE MODELS, SURFACE MELTING, SCIENTIFIC STUDY, ICE MASS, CLOUD COVER, TEMPORAL PATTERNS, SURFACE ALBEDO, GLACIER AREA