Soil Endowments, Production Technologies and Missing Women in India
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The female population deficit in India
has been explained in a number of ways, but the great
heterogeneity in the deficit across districts within India
still remains an open question. This paper argues that
across India, a largely agrarian economy, soil texture
varies exogenously and determines the workability of the
soil and the technology used in land preparation. Deep
tillage, possible only in lighter and looser loamy soils,
reduces the use of labor in cultivation tasks performed by
women and has a negative impact on the relative value of
girls to a household. The analysis finds that soil texture
explains a large part of the variation in women's
relative participation in agriculture and in infant sex
ratios across districts in India.
Palabras clave
AGE AT MARRIAGE, AGE GROUP, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL LABOR, AGRICULTURAL LABORERS, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, AGRONOMY, ALKALINE SOILS, ANIMALS, ARABLE SOILS, CHILD SURVIVAL, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, COMPENSATION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CROP, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP YIELD, CROP YIELDS, CROPPING, CROPPING PATTERNS, CROPS, CULTIVATED LAND, CULTIVATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, CULTURAL PRACTICES, CULTURAL SYSTEMS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOME, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, FARM, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE MORTALITY, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILIZER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER GAP, GENDER ROLES, GRAINS, HARVESTERS, HEAVY SOILS, HETEROGENEITY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMMIGRANTS, INFANT, INFORMATION ON POPULATION, INVENTORY, IRRIGATION, KINSHIP, KINSHIP STRUCTURE, LABOR BUREAU, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR INTENSITY, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABORERS, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING, LANDS, MALE WORKERS, MIGRATION, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUMBER OF WORKERS, OCCUPATION, OPEN ACCESS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, OWNERSHIP OF LAND, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PESTICIDE, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION STUDIES, PRE-NATAL SEX SELECTION, PRODUCE, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC POLICY, RICE, RICE CULTIVATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DISTRICT, RURAL LABOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL WOMEN, RURAL WORKERS, SEED, SEEDBED PREPARATION, SEX, SEX RATIO, SEX RATIOS, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN, SOIL, SOIL FERTILITY, SOIL QUALITY, SOIL TYPE, SOILS, SON PREFERENCE, SOWING, TEA, TILLAGE, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL WORKERS, TRANSPLANTING, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, WAGE SECTOR, WAGES, WAR, WEEDS, WHEAT, WOMAN, WOMEN IN LABOR, WORK FORCE