Agricultural Protection and Poverty in Indonesia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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A general equilibrium modeling approach
is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of
unilateral and global trade liberalization, including
effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global
reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant
potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The
poor rural and urban have a strong interest in global trade
policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally,
poverty incidence also will decline but the effect is small.
If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the
effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence
within Indonesia are much smaller.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE TERMS, ACCOUNTING, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL REGIONS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, AGRICULTURE, BENEFICIARIES, CHANGES IN POVERTY, COMPETITIVE PROFIT, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CONSUMER DEMAND, CONSUMER GOODS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMER PRICE INDICES, CONSUMER PRICES, CONSUMERS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA, CORPORATE INCOME TAXES, CURRENCY, CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT, CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS, DEFLATORS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIMINISHING RETURNS, DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, DOMESTIC PRICES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ELASTICITY, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY, EQUILIBRIUM, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCISE TAXES, EXOGENOUS VARIABLES, EXPORTS, FACTOR DEMAND, FARM PRODUCTS, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING HOUSEHOLDS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FIXED CAPITAL, FOOD COMMODITIES, FOOD POLICY, FOOD PRICES, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, GDP DEFLATOR, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, GINI COEFFICIENT, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICIT, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME TAX, INEQUALITY, INSTRUMENT, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INVENTORIES, INVENTORY, LABOR MARKET, MEAT, MILK, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, PERSONAL INCOME, POOR, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY REDUCING, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRICE CHANGES, PRICE LEVELS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PROFIT MAXIMIZATION, PURCHASING POWER, RATES OF RETURN, REAL GDP, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POOR, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE, SAVINGS, SHEEP, SMALL FARMERS, STATIC ANALYSIS, TARIFF BARRIERS, TAX RATE, TAX SYSTEM, TAXATION, TOTAL COSTS, TOTAL OUTPUT, TRADE BALANCE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRUST FUNDS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UTILITY MAXIMIZATION, VALUE ADDED, VARIABLE COSTS, VEGETABLE OILS, VEGETABLES, WAGES, WELFARE IMPLICATIONS, WELFARE MEASURE