Global Trade and Food Safety : Winners and Losers in a Fragmented System
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Food safety standards, and the tradeoff
between these standards, and agricultural export growth, are
at the forefront of the trade policy debate. How food safety
is addressed in the world trade system, is critical for
developing countries that continue to rely on agricultural
exports. In a fragmented system of conflicting national food
safety standards, and no globally accepted standards, export
prospects for the least developed countries, can be severely
limited. The authors examine the impact that adopting
international food safety standards, and harmonizing
standards would have on global food trade patterns. They
estimate the effect of aflatoxin standards in fifteen
importing countries (including four developing countries) on
exports from thirty one countries (twenty one of them
developing). Aflatoxin is a natural substance that can
contaminate certain nuts, and grains when storage, and
drying facilities are inadequate. The analysis shows that
adopting a worldwide standard for aflatoxin B1 (potentially
the most toxic of aflatoxins) based on current international
guidelines, would increase nut, and cereal trade among the
countries studied, by $ 6.1 billion, compared with 1998
levels. This harmonization of standards would increase world
exports by $ 38.8 billion.
Palabras clave
FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SECURITY, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS, TRADE POLICY, STANDARDIZATION, LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, TRADE PROMOTION, AFLATOXINS, CONTAMINANTS, CEREAL PRODUCTS, NUT INDUSTRY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL NEGOTIATIONS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURE, BEEF, BENCHMARK, BILATERAL TRADE, CANCER, CARCINOGENS, CEREALS, CHANGES IN TRADE, CONSUMERS, CORN, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DRIED FRUIT, DRIED FRUITS, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMICS, ECONOMISTS, EDIBLE NUTS, ELASTICITY, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORT PROSPECTS, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, FISH, FOOD ADDITIVES, FOOD GRAINS, FOOD HANDLING, FOOD MARKETING, FOOD POLICY, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SAFETY, FOODS, FOREIGN PRODUCERS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AREA, FRUITS, GLOBAL TRADE, GNP, GNP PER CAPITA, GRAVITY MODEL, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, GROUNDNUT, GROUNDNUTS, HAZARDS, IMPERFECT INFORMATION, IMPORTS, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, MARGINAL BENEFITS, MARGINAL COSTS, MARKET FAILURES, MORTALITY, MUTUAL TRADE, NUT PRODUCTS, NUTS, PECANS, POLICY RESEARCH, PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, PRODUCERS, PUBLIC HEALTH, REGIONAL TRADE, REGIONALISM, REGULATORY BARRIERS, RICE, SAFETY REGULATIONS, SAFETY STANDARDS, SCALE EFFECT, TAXATION, TOXIC SUBSTANCES, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DATA, TRADE DISPUTES, TRADE EFFECT, TRADE FLOW DATA, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE PATTERNS, TRADE PERFORMANCE, TRADE POLICY, TRADE VOLUMES, TRANSACTION COSTS, URUGUAY ROUND, VALUE OF EXPORTS, VALUE OF TRADE, VEGETABLES, WALNUTS, WELFARE EFFECTS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES