The Promise and Peril of Post-MFA Apparel Production
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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For anyone concerned about the effects
of globalization on poverty in developing countries, the
apparel sector in general and the end of the Multi-Fibre
Arrangement (MFA) and the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
(ATC) in particular are key areas of interest. As an
important first step toward industrialization, the apparel
sector continues to provide an alternative for workers in
low-wage agriculture or service jobs (especially
less-skilled workers and women), even after other
manufacturing sectors are established. By providing formal
labor experience, these jobs hold the promise of lifelong
participation in the labor market, which in the long term
can help workers move out of poverty. Therefore,
understanding how employment, wage premiums, and the
structure of the apparel industry have changed after the end
of the MFA and ATC is important to appreciate the effects of
this significant policy change on poverty.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURE, APPAREL, APPAREL EXPORTS, APPAREL INDUSTRY, APPAREL SECTOR, AVERAGE WAGES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS, DOMESTIC LABOR MARKET, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMICS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORT ORIENTATION, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL COMPETITION, HUMAN RESOURCE, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INNOVATION, JOB CREATION, JOB LOSS, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOUR, LABOUR LAW, MARKET SHARES, PRODUCTION PATTERNS, PROTECTING WORKERS, SKILL REQUIREMENTS, SKILLED WORKERS, SUPPLIERS, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, WAGE GAP, WAGE PREMIUM, WAGE PREMIUMS, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT, WORKING, WORKING CONDITIONS