Quality Upgrading, Competition and Trade Policy: Evidence from the Agri-Food Sector
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This paper analyzes the extent to which the reduction of import tariffs – as a measure of
import competition – affects the rate of quality upgrading in the agri-food sector. This relation is
studied using highly disaggregated EU-15 import data from more than 70 countries in thousands of
food products, in the period 1995-2007. We first infer product quality from trade data using the
method recently proposed by Khandelwal (2010). In a second step, quality estimates are combined
with information on trade policy to study the relationship between quality upgrading and
competition within a ‘distance to the frontier’ model (Aghion et al. 2005). Consistent with the
model predictions, we find strong support for the existence of an non-monotonic relationship
between competition and quality upgrading, with varieties close to the world frontier more likely
to upgrade quality in response to an increase in import competition. The results are robust to the
use of different measures of import competition and alternative estimates of product quality.