The Effect of Male Migration for Work on Employment Patterns of Females in Nepal
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper assesses the impact of
work-related migration by males on the labor market behavior
of females in Nepal. Using data from the 2004 Nepal
household survey, the authors apply the Instrumental
Variable Full Information Maximum Likelihood method to
account for unobserved factors that could simultaneously
affect males' decision to migrate and females'
decision to participate in the labor market. The results
indicate that male migration for work has a negative impact
on the level of market work participation by the women left
behind. The authors find evidence of substantial
heterogeneity (based both on observable and unobservable
characteristics) in the impact of male migration. The
findings highlight the important gender dimension of the
impact of predominantly male worker migration on the
wellbeing of sending households. The authors argue that
strategies for economic development in Nepal should take
into account such gender aspects of the migration dynamics.
Palabras clave
ADULT MEN, ADULT WOMEN, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, BULLETIN, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD LABOR, CHILD REARING, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY GROUPS, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, DEMOGRAPHY, DESCRIPTION, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ELDERLY, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, EMPOWERMENT, ETHNIC GROUPS, ETHNICITY, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FAMILY LABOR, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE HEADS, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE LITERACY, FEMALES, FEMINISTS, FERTILITY, GENDER, GENDER APPROACH, GENDER ASPECTS, GENDER DIMENSION, GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR, GENDER RELATIONS, GENDERS, GIRLS, HOME, HOST COUNTRY, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD CHORES, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUSBAND, HUSBANDS, IDENTITY, ILLITERACY, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INFORMAL ECONOMY, INFORMAL SECTOR, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRANTS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR MIGRATION, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAWS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERACY RATES, MALE MIGRANTS, MARRIED WOMEN, MIGRANT, MIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DECISIONS, MIGRATION PROCESS, MIGRATION STATUS, MOBILITY, MOTHER, NORMS, OCCUPATIONS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PATRIARCHY, PENSIONS, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION CENSUS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, RELIGION, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REMITTANCES FROM MIGRANTS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL WOMEN, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SINGLE WOMEN, SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIETY, SOCIOLOGY, SON PREFERENCE, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, STATE POLICY, STATUS OF WOMEN, STD, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, TABOO, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TRADITIONAL FAMILY, UNDP, UNITED NATIONS, URBAN AREAS, WIFE, WILL, WIVES, WOMAN, WOMEN WORKERS, WORKING WOMEN, YOUTH