Reinvesting in African Small-Holder Agriculture : The Role of Tree Crops in Sustainable Farming Systems
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Washington, DC
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This Policy and Strategy Paper
contributes to an ongoing policy debate-within the Bank but
also with its client governments-about the role of tree
crops in various production systems, and as key commodities
in the trade portfolio of various African nations. It
attempts to answer the following questions: a) What is the
role of tree crops in a rural development strategy focused
on smallholders? B) Under what conditions can small-holder
tree crops be included in such a strategy, and be viable,
and what are the operational guidelines to do so? The set of
tree crops considered includes cashew nuts, coconuts, cocoa,
coffee, gum arabic, oil palm, rubber, and tea. Other tree
crops, such as teak and tropical fruit, hold less economic
importance for the subcontinent, and are thus excluded from
the analysis. Although plantations exist for many of these
crops, small-holders play a major role in their overall
production. These small-holder systems are mixed farming
systems, including a variety of annual crops as well as
major, or minor tree crops. The paper illustrates the place
of tree crops in African economies, at the macro- and
micro-levels, and draws a number of lessons from a set of
Asian experiences. It then suggests that, under appropriate
conditions, investment in small-holder systems that include
tree crops can be a good choice for investment in the
productive sector. The report finally provides strategic and
operational guidelines, and, includes five sections: 1.
Background; 2. Support to the Sector; 3. The Asian
Experience(s); 4. Perspectives on Tree Crops; and, 5.
Strategic and Operational Issues. A bibliography is
included, and the Statistical Appendix is available both as
a separate document, and electronically.
Palabras clave
AGRIBUSINESS, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURE, ANNUAL CROPS, BEVERAGE CROPS, BIODIVERSITY, BIOTECHNOLOGY, BREEDING, CASH CROPS, CASHEW NUTS, COCOA, COCOA BEANS, COCONUT, COCONUTS, COFFEE, COFFEE BEANS, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMPETITIVE GRANTS, CROP, CROP DEVELOPMENT, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP PRODUCTS, CROPPING, CROPPING SYSTEMS, DEBT, DECENTRALIZATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, EXPENDITURES, EXTENSION, FARM, FARM INCOME, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FARMS, FOOD CROPS, GENDER, GUM ARABIC, HARVESTING, HUNGER, LAND USE, LIVELIHOODS, LIVESTOCK, MARKET PRICES, MARKETING, MIXED FARMING, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL PALM, PALM OIL, PERENNIAL CROPS, PLANTATIONS, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCE, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, PRODUCTIVITY, RICE, RICE PRICES, RISK MANAGEMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POVERTY, SMALL FARMS, SOILS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FARMING, TEA, TRANSACTION COSTS, TREE CROPS, TREES, USAID, WAGES, WORLD BANK LENDING SMALL HOLDERS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, SMALL FARMS, TREE CROPS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, POLICY FRAMEWORK, STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, COMMODITIES, CASHEW NUTS, COCOA, COCONUT, COFFEE PLANTATIONS, GUM ARABIC, RUBBER CROPS, SHEANUTS, TEA INDUSTRY, ECONOMIC COMPETITION, INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, MACROECONOMIC POLICY