Standards and Agro-Food Exports from Developing Countries: Rebalancing the Debate
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World Bank, Washington, D.C.
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The proliferation and increased
stringency of food safety and agricultural health standards
is a source of concern among many developing countries.
These standards are perceived as a barrier to the continued
success of their exports of high-value agro-food products
(including fish, horticultural, and other products), either
because these countries lack the technical and
administrative capacities needed for compliance or because
these standards can be applied in a discriminatory or
protectionist manner. The authors draw on available
literature and work in progress to examine the underlying
evidence related to the changing standards environment and
its impact on existing and potential developing country
exporters of high-value agricultural and food products. The
evidence the authors present, while only partial, suggests
that the picture for developing countries as a whole is not
necessarily problematic and certainly less pessimistic than
the mainstream "standards-as-barriers"
perspective. Indeed, rising standards serve to accentuate
underlying supply chain strengths and weaknesses and thus
impact differently on the competitive position of individual
countries and distinct market participants. Some countries
and industries are even using high quality and safety
standards to successfully (re-)position themselves in
competitive global markets. This emphasizes the importance
of considering the effects of food safety and agricultural
health measures within the context of wider capacity
constraints and underlying supply chain trends and drivers.
The key question for developing countries is how to exploit
their strengths and overcome their weaknesses such that they
are gainers rather than losers in the emerging commercial
and regulatory context.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL, ANIMAL DISEASE, ANIMAL FEED, ANIMAL HEALTH, ANIMAL HEALTH REQUIREMENTS, BEEF, BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY, BSE, CANNED FOODS, CEREALS, CITRUS FRUITS, CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPLIANCE COSTS, CROPS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIETS, DIOXINS, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, EQUIPMENT, FARMERS, FEED, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FISH, FISH PRODUCTS, FOOD HYGIENE, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD PRODUCT, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SAFETY RISKS, FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS, FOOD SUPPLY, FOODS, FRUIT, FRUITS, GAME, HAZARDS, HORMONES, HYGIENE, IMPORTS, INCOME LEVELS, INCOMES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INTEGRATION, LABORATORIES, LAWS, LEGISLATION, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, LOW INCOME, MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS, MEDICINES, MOTIVATION, NUTRITION, NUTS, PERISHABLE FOOD, PESTS, PLANT DISEASES, POULTRY, POULTRY PRODUCTS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCERS, PUBLIC SECTOR, QUOTAS, REFRIGERATION, RISK MANAGEMENT, SAFETY, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, SPICES, SUGAR, TRANSACTION COSTS, VEGETABLES, VETERINARY, VETERINARY MEDICINE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPLIANCE COSTS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD INDUSTRY & TRADE, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD STANDARDS, IMPORTS, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, PERISHABLE FOOD