The Aid Trade : International Assistance as Pathways for the Introduction of Invasive Alien Species
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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It is now recognized that invasive alien
species (IAS) pose a major threat to agricultural and
natural ecosystems, and to human health and livelihoods.
These non-native species, which are accidentally or
intentionally introduced into new areas, range from microbes
to mammals. This report examines the precise origins of many
existing IAS problems, particularly in the developing world,
which remain poorly understood. This complicates assessments
of the relative importance of different vectors and pathways
for IAS introductions, and the prediction of future risks.
International assistance programs can facilitate both
deliberate, and unintentional IAS introductions. Such
misjudgments and accidents are costly; indeed, their
negative effects may be far greater, and more long-lasting
than the positive impacts of the aid programs from which
they arose. It is thus suggested that knowing how, and from
where, IAS are being introduced are important first steps in
the development of effective prevention and early detection
schemes. An urgent, and fuller, assessment is needed on the
nature and severity of IAS threats associated with
international assistance programs. Particular attention
needs to be paid to vectors and pathways of movement. Part
of the focus should be on case studies, in order to
elucidate more fully constraints in relation to existing
prevention schemes. Nonetheless, some actions should be
considered in advance, including awareness raising to aid
agencies, and promoting the development of voluntary codes
of conduct, and risk assessments.
Palabras clave
ACACIA, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL WEEDS, AGROFORESTRY, AID PROGRAMS, ALIEN SPECIES, ANIMAL, ANIMALS, AQUACULTURE, AQUARIUM, ARCHIPELAGO, ASSESSMENT METHODS, AWARENESS RAISING, BALLAST WATER, BARRIERS TO DISPERSAL, BEETLE, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS, BIOLOGISTS, BIRDS, CASSAVA, CASSAVA GREEN MITE, CATTLE, CEREALS, COCOA, COCONUT, CONSERVANCY, CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY, CONTAMINANTS, CORN, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CROP, CROP SEED, CROPPING, CROPS, DEFORESTATION, DEVELOPMENT GRANT FACILITY, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, DISCOLORATION, DISEASES, DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES, EARLY DETECTION, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, ELEPHANT, ENDEMIC SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EQUIPMENT, EVOLUTION, FISH, FISH SPECIES, FISHERIES, FOOD RESOURCE, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SOURCE, FOOD WEBS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST PEOPLES, FOREST WILDLIFE, FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS, FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS, FRUIT FLY, FRUITS, FUNGI, GARDEN PLANTS, GERMPLASM, GOATS, GRAIN, GRAIN BORER, GRASSES, HABITATS, HARM, HAY, HONEY PRODUCTION, HUMAN ACTIVITIES, HUMAN ACTIVITY, HUMAN POPULATION, HUMAN SETTLEMENT, HUMAN TRAFFIC, HUNTING, HUNTING OF WILDLIFE, HYACINTH, INDICA, INDIGENOUS SPECIES, INSECT, INSECT ORDERS, INSECT PESTS, INSECTS, INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTRODUCED SPECIES, INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES, INVASIVE PLANTS, INVASIVE SPECIES, INVERTEBRATES, IRRI, LAKE, LAND CLEARANCE, LANDSCAPE, LIVELIHOODS, LIVESTOCK, LOCAL LIVELIHOODS, MAIZE, MAIZE PRODUCTION, MAMMALS, MARINE PLANTS, MICRO-ORGANISMS, MODERN AGRICULTURE, MOUNTAIN RANGES, NATIVE FISH, NATIVE FISH POPULATIONS, NATIVE INSECTS, NATIVE PLANTS, NATIVE SPECIES, NATIVE] SPECIES, NATURAL BARRIERS, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGERS, NATURE, NEGATIVE EFFECTS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NEMATODES, NEW SPECIES, OCEANS, ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, PALMS, PASTURE, PATHOGENS, PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY, PESTS, PET, PIGS, PLANT, PLANT COMMUNITY, PLANT HEALTH, PLANT PATHOGENS, PLANT PROTECTION, PLANT SPECIES, PLANTING, PLANTING MATERIALS, POTATOES, PROPAGULES, RATS, RICE, RICE RESEARCH, SEEDLINGS, SEEDS, SHIPS, SHRUBS, SNAIL, SNAILS, SOUTH AMERICA, SOYBEAN, SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS, SPECIES INVASIONS, SPECIES SENSITIVE, STRAW, SUGARCANE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TARGET SPECIES, TIMBER, TIMBER CERTIFICATION, TOURISM, TRANSLOCATION, TREE, TREES, TROPICAL FOREST, TROPICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT, TROPICAL FORESTS, VARIETY, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, WEED SPECIES, WEEDS