Conditional Cash Transfers in Education : Design Features, Peer and Sibling Effects Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper presents an evaluation of
multiple variants of a commonly used intervention to boost
education in developing countries - the conditional cash
transfer - with a student level randomization that allows
the authors to generate intra-family and peer-network
variation. The analysis tests three treatments: a basic
conditional cash transfer treatment based on school
attendance, a savings treatment that postpones a bulk of the
cash transfer due to good attendance to just before children
have to re-enroll, and a tertiary treatment where some of
the transfers are conditional on students' graduation
and tertiary enrollment rather than attendance. On average,
the combined incentives increase attendance, pass rates,
enrollment, graduation rates, and matriculation to tertiary
institutions. Changing the timing of the payments does not
change attendance rates relative to the basic treatment but
does significantly increase enrollment rates at both the
secondary and tertiary levels. Incentives for graduation
and matriculation are particularly effective, increasing
attendance and enrollment at secondary and tertiary levels
more than the basic treatment. There is some evidence that
the subsidies can cause a reallocation of responsibilities
within the household. Siblings (particularly sisters) of
treated students work more and attend school less than
students in families that received no treatment. In
addition, indirect peer influences are relatively strong in
attendance decisions with the average magnitude similar to
that of the direct effect.
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ACADEMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ACADEMIC YEAR, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA, ADMINISTRATIVE FEES, ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS, AGE GROUPS, ALLOCATION MECHANISMS, AMOUNT OF MONEY, ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL, AVERAGE ATTENDANCE, BANKS, BASIC EDUCATION, BENEFICIARIES, BIASES, CASH TRANSFER, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD LABOR, CHURCHES, CLASSROOM, COMMUNITY LEADERS, CONTRIBUTION, COST OF EDUCATION, CURRICULUM, DAILY ATTENDANCE, DATA ON STUDENTS, DEBIT CARD, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DIRECT COSTS, EARNINGS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, ELIGIBLE CHILDREN, ELIGIBLE STUDENTS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ENROLLMENT DATA, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATES, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EXPENDITURES, FAMILIES, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY MEMBERS, FARMERS, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FORMAL SAVINGS, FRIENDSHIP NETWORK, FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS, FUTURE INCOME, GENDER, GIRLS, GRADE LEVELS, GRADUATION RATES, HIGHER EDUCATION, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION, HIGHER ENROLLMENT, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCENTIVE PROGRAMS, INCOME LEVEL, INDEXES, INFLATION, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERVENTIONS, LABOR MARKET, LARGE EXPENSE, LARGE EXPENSES, LATIN AMERICAN, LEARNING, LEVELS OF ENROLLMENT, LITERATURE, LONG-TERM SAVINGS, LOW INCOME, LOW-INCOME, LOW-INCOME INDIVIDUALS, LOWER INCOME, LOWER SECONDARY, LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL, MAJOR BANKS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NET ENROLLMENT, NUTRITION, OLDER CHILDREN, PAPERS, PEER GROUP, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PROBABILITIES, PROBABILITY, PROPERTY TAXES, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUESTIONNAIRES, RECEIPT, REGISTRATION PROCESS, RESEARCHERS, RESPONSIBILITIES, RURAL STUDENTS, SAVING MONEY, SAVINGS, SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS, SCHOLARSHIPS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL PRINCIPALS, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SCHOOL VISITS, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY ENROLLMENT, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SMALLER NUMBER, SOCIAL NETWORK, SOURCE OF INFORMATION, STUDENT RETENTION, SUBJECTS, TARGET POPULATIONS, TEACHERS, TERTIARY ENROLLMENT, TERTIARY INSTITUTION, TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS, TERTIARY LEVELS, TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITIES, TYPES OF STUDENTS, URBAN AREAS, VALUATION, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, VOUCHERS, WAGES, WORK HOURS