The Impact of Expanding Access to Early Childhood Services in Rural Indonesia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper uses three waves of
longitudinal data to examine the impact of expanding access
to preschool services in rural areas of Indonesia on two
cohorts of children. One cohort was children aged 4 at the
start of the project and was immediately eligible for
project-provided services when they began operation in 2009.
The other cohort was children aged 1 at the start of the
project and became eligible for project-provided services
two years later. The paper presents intent-to-treat
estimates of impact in the short term (first year of the
project) and medium term (three years after the project
started), using experimental and quasi-experimental methods.
For the cohort of 4-year-olds, while the magnitude of the
enrollment impact is similar across children from different
backgrounds, the impact on child outcomes is larger for
children from more disadvantaged backgrounds in the short
and medium terms. However, for this cohort of children, it
seems that project-provided playgroups encouraged
substitution away from existing kindergartens, suggesting
that future interventions should incorporate such
possibilities into their design. For the average child in
the younger cohort, the project led to improvements in
physical health and well-being as well as language and
cognitive development. For this cohort, there is little
evidence of differential impact. This can be explained by
the fact that children who enrolled soon after the centers
opened (the older cohort) were generally poorer, compared
with children who enrolled later (the younger cohort). This
may be because of fee increases in project centers as
project funding ended.
Palabras clave
SKILLS, COMMUNITIES, CAREGIVERS, RISKS, VILLAGES, SCHOOL READINESS, PEOPLE, TEACHERS, SCHOOLING, PSYCHOLOGY, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, ENROLLMENT, ACTIVITIES, BIAS, GROUPS, PEDIATRICS, SERVICES, COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE, HEALTH, ACCESS TO PRESCHOOL, PROJECTS, PROJECT, NEIGHBORHOODS, CARE CENTERS, LANGUAGE, PUBLIC HEALTH, DAY CARE, WORK EXPERIENCE, KNOWLEDGE, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONS, CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, TRAINING, TEACHER TRAINING, PARTNERSHIPS, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, INTERVENTION, ABILITY, PUBLIC SAFETY, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, PRESCHOOL ENROLLMENT, INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, NEEDS, PRESCHOOLERS, LEARNING, PRIMARY SCHOOL, REASONING, TEACHING, COGNITIVE OUTCOMES, GROSS ENROLLMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERVIEW, MENTAL HEALTH, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, KINDERGARTEN, ENROLMENT RATES, DESIGN, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, READING, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT, KINDERGARTENS, STUDY, RURAL COMMUNITIES, ENROLLMENT RATES, WAGES, SCIENCE, AGED, VALUES, SCHOOLS, DESCRIPTION, PARTICIPATION, AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION SERVICES, CLASSROOM SETTING, CHILDHOOD, COMPETENCE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HYPERACTIVITY, PARENTING, ENROLLMENT RATE, HOUSEHOLD, FAMILY PLANNING, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, EFFORT, SOCIAL SCIENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, MEASUREMENT, NUTRITION, PRIMARY CAREGIVERS, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, RISK FACTORS, RETURN TO EDUCATION, WEIGHT, CHILDHOOD CARE, COGNITIVE SKILLS, OBESITY, UNDERSTANDING, PRIMARY SCHOOL PARTICIPATION, CHILDREN, EDUCATION, VILLAGE LEVEL, EARLY INTERVENTION, EARLY INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT, HOUSEHOLDS, EQUALITY, RURAL AREAS, COMMUNITY SERVICES, EXPERIENCE, INFANTS, PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION, CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, INTERACTIONS, COMMUNICATION, INTERVENTIONS, NET ENROLLMENT, COMMUNITY, STRATEGY, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, FEES, FAMILIES, WOMEN, ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, CLASSROOM, SAFETY, HEALTH SERVICES, IMPLEMENTATION, SERVICE, DISTRICTS, PARTICIPATION RATES, LEARNING ACTIVITIES, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT