Analyzing Markets for Health Workers : Insights from Labor and Health Economics
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The aim of this publication is to
examine how labor and health economics can be used to
analyze and better understand the role and functions of
health worker labor markets. Health workforce shortages stem
not only from inadequate overall supply, but also from
suboptimal allocation of health human resources by location
and role. Low performance and productivity are also issues.
These three problems are often compounded by a resource
problem - the gap between the finances required for an
adequate workforce and those likely available. The
application of labor economics to health care labor markets
needs to account for the specific institutional features and
market failures in health care. The document is organized as
follows: first section gives introduction, the second
section sets out a broad framework that needs to be used
when examining health care labor markets. The third section
summarizes the key issues surrounding the demand and supply
of health workers and how these interact in the health
worker labor market. The fourth section summarizes the broad
analytical approaches used in economics, focusing on issues
of causality and labor market dynamics. The final section
suggests some gaps in research and analysis for health
worker labor markets in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCOUNTING, ACUTE CARE, ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS, AGED, AMOUNT OF REMUNERATION, BARGAINING, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD SAMPLES, CAPITATION, CAPITATION PAYMENT, CARERS, CLINICIANS, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COST ANALYSIS, COST OF CAPITAL, COST OF HEALTH SERVICES, COUNSELING, DEATHS, DEBT, DEMAND FOR HEALTH, DEMAND FOR HEALTH CARE, DEMAND FOR SERVICES, DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, DIAGNOSIS, DOCTORS, DRIVERS, DRUGS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC REVIEW, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EQUILIBRIUM, EQUITY ISSUES, FEE FOR SERVICE, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FINANCIAL PROTECTION, FINANCING POLICIES, FLAT RATE, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, HEALTH BUDGETS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE COSTS, HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES, HEALTH CARE FINANCING, HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS, HEALTH CARE PROVISION, HEALTH CARE SECTOR, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OUTCOMES, HEALTH COSTS, HEALTH COVERAGE, HEALTH ECONOMICS, HEALTH ECONOMISTS, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH FINANCING, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH MANPOWER, HEALTH ORGANIZATION, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH POLICIES, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, HEALTH PROFESSIONS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICE, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STATUS, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEM STRENGTHENING, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH, HEALTH WORKFORCE, HIGH WAGES, HOSPITALS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILLNESS, INCOME, INCOME COUNTRIES, INCOME EFFECT, INDUCED DEMAND, INFORMAL CARE, INFORMAL ECONOMIES, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, INSURERS, INTERVENTION, ISOLATION, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET ISSUES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SHORTAGE, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LEISURE TIME, LIFE YEARS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW INCOME, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MANAGED CARE, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL VALUE, MARKET FAILURES, MARKET WAGE, MARKET WAGES, MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, MEDICAL CARE, MEDICAL DEVICES, MEDICAL EDUCATION, MEDICAL RESEARCH, MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, MEDICAL SPECIALTIES, MEDICAL TRAINING, MEDICATION, MEDICINES, MIGRATION, MINIMUM WAGES, MORTALITY, MOTIVATION, NATIONAL HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE, NURSES, NURSING, NUTRITION, OCCUPATIONS, OUTPUTS, PATIENT, PATIENTS, PHYSICIAN, PHYSICIANS, PRICE CONTROLS, PRICE ELASTICITY, PRIMARY CARE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTORS, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTIVITY, PSYCHOLOGISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS, PUBLIC SECTOR, QUALITY OF CARE, RESEARCH PROGRAM, RETIREMENT, SERVANTS, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SUPPLY OF DOCTORS, SUPPLY OF HEALTH CARE, SURGERY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TRADE UNIONS, TREATMENT DECISIONS, TREATMENTS, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, VISITS, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE FLEXIBILITY, WASTE, WORKERS, WORKFORCE PLANNING, WORKING HOURS