Options for the Development of Liberia's Energy Sector
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Washington, DC
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Liberia suffered successive armed
conflicts from 1989 to 2003 that devastated its economy,
infrastructure, human capital, and institutions, including
those of the energy sector. The Accra peace agreement of
August 2003 marked a transition toward national
reconciliation and stabilization that allowed the country to
hold elections in 2005. The newly elected Government
endorsed programs and policies aimed at improving
governance, building capacity, and managing post conflict
recovery through stabilizing the economy and supporting
economic reconstruction. The purpose of this paper is to
present stakeholders in the Liberian energy sector-and the
Liberian citizen in general-with options that might expand
access and modernize energy services. The four pillars of
the National Energy Policy (NEP) are: 1) universal energy
access, including the development of an energy master plan;
2) least-cost production of energy and protection of the
most vulnerable households; 3) the adoption of international
best practices in the electricity sector; and 4) the
acceleration of public and private partnership in the
sector. The electricity demand estimate for Liberia has been
based on available data, including that collected during
Liberia's 2008 census. The supply options under
consideration cover all options that appear technically
feasible for Liberia in 2010.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO ENERGY, ACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICES, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, APPROACH, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BASIC LIGHTING, BATTERIES, BED COMBUSTORS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS POWER, BIOMASS RESOURCES, BOILERS, CAPACITY EXPANSION, CAR BATTERIES, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, COLORS, COMBUSTION, COMMERCIAL DEMAND, COOKING, COSTS OF ELECTRICITY, DEMAND CURVE, DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, DEMAND FOR POWER, DEMAND FORECAST, DEMAND GROWTH, DIESEL, DIESEL COMBUSTION, DIESEL FUEL, DIESEL GENERATORS, DIESEL POWER, DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, DROUGHT, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIC POWER PLANT, ELECTRICAL GRID, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY BILLS, ELECTRICITY CAPACITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, ELECTRICITY PRICES, ELECTRICITY SECTOR, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY USAGE, ELECTRICITY UTILITIES, ENERGY COMMITTEE, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY INTENSITY, ENERGY NEEDS, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, ENERGY SERVICE, ENERGY SERVICE COMPANY, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENERGY SYSTEMS, ENERGY USAGE, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS, FLUORESCENT LAMP, FOREST, FOREST COVER, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST STOCK, FORESTRY, FORESTRY SECTOR, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL, FUEL COSTS, FUEL PRICE, FUEL PRICES, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL USE, FUELS, GAS, GAS TURBINES, GASES, GASOLINE, GEMS, GENERATION CAPACITY, GENERATION UNITS, GLOBAL WARMING, GOLD, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GRID APPLICATIONS, GRID EXPANSION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEAVY FUEL OIL, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, HYDROPOWER, HYDROPOWER GENERATION, HYDROPOWER PLANT, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, IRON, KEROSENE, KILOWATT-HOUR, KILOWATT-HOURS, LIGHTING, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LOAD FACTOR, LOAD SHEDDING, MOTOR SPIRIT, MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL, OIL COMPANY, OIL PALM, OIL PRICE, OIL PRICES, OIL PRODUCTION, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PEAK CAPACITY, PEAK DEMAND, PEAK LOAD, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, POWER, POWER COMPANY, POWER DEMAND, POWER FACILITIES, POWER GENERATION, POWER PRODUCER, POWER PROGRAM, POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS, POWER SECTOR, POWER SHORTAGES, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SYSTEM, POWER SYSTEMS, POWER TRADE, POWER UTILITIES, PRICE OF ELECTRICITY, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION LEVELS, PRODUCTION OF ENERGY, QUALITY OF ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, RESIDENTIAL DEMAND, RICE PRODUCTION, RURAL ELECTRIC, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, RURAL ENERGY, SAFETY STANDARDS, SUGARCANE, SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TAX INCENTIVES, THERMAL ENERGY, THERMAL LOAD, THERMAL POWER, THERMAL POWER PLANTS, TOTAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND, TRANSMISSION INTERCONNECTION, TRANSMISSION LINE, TRANSMISSION LINES, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN POPULATION, UTILITIES, VOLTAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WOOD PROCESSING