The Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development : Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications, Part I, The Pre-colonial and Colonial Periods

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dc.creatorAkyeampong, Emmanuel
dc.creatorFofack, Hippolyte
dc.date2012-04-27T07:44:48Z
dc.date2012-04-27T07:44:48Z
dc.date2012-04
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:51:03Z
dc.descriptionBringing together history and economics, this paper presents a historical and processual understanding of women's economic marginalization in Sub-Saharan Africa from the pre-colonial period to the end of colonial rule. It is not that women have not been economically active or productive; it is rather that they have often not been able to claim the proceeds of their labor or have it formally accounted for. The paper focuses on the pre-colonial and colonial periods and outlines three major arguments. First, it discusses the historical processes through which the labor of women was increasingly appropriated even in kinship structures in pre-colonial Africa, utilizing the concepts of "rights in persons" and "wealth in people." Reviewing the processes of production and reproduction, it explains why most slaves in pre-colonial Africa were women and discusses how slavery and slave trade intensified the exploitation of women. Second, it analyzes how the cultivation of cash crops and European missionary constructions of the individual, marriage, and family from the early decades of the 19th century sequestered female labor and made it invisible in the realm of domestic production. Third, it discusses how colonial policies from the late 19th century reinforced the "capture" of female labor and the codification of patriarchy through the nature and operation of the colonial economy and the instrumentality of customary law. The sequel to this paper focuses on the post-colonial period. It examines the continuing relevance and impact of the historical processes this paper discusses on post-colonial economies, and suggests some policy implications.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/04/16240986/contribution-african-women-economic-growth-development-historical-perspectives-policy-implications-part-pre-colonial-colonial-periods
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/6056
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6051
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/411935
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper ; No. 6051
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO LAND
dc.subjectACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectALCOHOL
dc.subjectALLIANCES
dc.subjectANTHROPOLOGIST
dc.subjectANTHROPOLOGISTS
dc.subjectANTHROPOLOGY
dc.subjectAPARTHEID
dc.subjectBLACK WOMEN
dc.subjectBREADWINNER
dc.subjectCAPITALISM
dc.subjectCASH CROP
dc.subjectCASH CROPS
dc.subjectCHILDHOOD DISEASES
dc.subjectCHILDREN PER WOMAN
dc.subjectCITIZENS
dc.subjectCIVIL LAW
dc.subjectCIVILIZATION
dc.subjectCOLONIALISM
dc.subjectCOMPENSATION
dc.subjectCONCUBINES
dc.subjectCOURT
dc.subjectCOURTS
dc.subjectCULTURAL CHANGE
dc.subjectCULTURAL DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectCULTURAL VALUES
dc.subjectCULTURES
dc.subjectCUSTODY
dc.subjectCUSTOM
dc.subjectCUSTOMARY LAW
dc.subjectDEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURES
dc.subjectDEPENDENCE
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDIASPORA
dc.subjectDISABILITY
dc.subjectDISADVANTAGED WOMEN
dc.subjectDISCOURSE
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDISEASES
dc.subjectDIVORCE
dc.subjectDOMINANCE
dc.subjectDOWRY
dc.subjectECONOMIC CHANGE
dc.subjectECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC EXPLOITATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC PROGRESS
dc.subjectECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectECONOMICS
dc.subjectEDUCATION FOR GIRLS
dc.subjectEDUCATION OF GIRLS
dc.subjectEDUCATION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
dc.subjectEMANCIPATION
dc.subjectEMPOWERING WOMEN
dc.subjectEMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
dc.subjectETHNICITY
dc.subjectETHNOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS
dc.subjectEXPLOITATION OF WOMEN
dc.subjectEXPLORERS
dc.subjectEXTENSION
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectFAMILY LAW
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFARMS
dc.subjectFEMALE
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR FORCE
dc.subjectFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectFEMALE WORKERS
dc.subjectFEMALES
dc.subjectFERTILITY
dc.subjectFERTILITY RATES
dc.subjectFISH
dc.subjectFOOD SUPPLIES
dc.subjectGENDER
dc.subjectGENDER ASPECTS
dc.subjectGENDER BIAS
dc.subjectGENDER DISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectGENDER EQUALITY
dc.subjectGENDER GAP
dc.subjectGENDER GAPS
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUALITY
dc.subjectGENDER NORMS
dc.subjectGENDER PARITY
dc.subjectGENDER RELATIONS
dc.subjectGENDER ROLES
dc.subjectGIRLS
dc.subjectGLOBAL EFFORT
dc.subjectHOME
dc.subjectHOMES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectHOUSING
dc.subjectHUMAN BEINGS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN POPULATIONS
dc.subjectHUMAN RACE
dc.subjectHUMAN RESOURCES
dc.subjectHUNTING
dc.subjectHUSBAND
dc.subjectHUSBANDS
dc.subjectIMMIGRANT
dc.subjectIMMIGRANT WOMEN
dc.subjectIMMIGRANTS
dc.subjectIMMIGRATION
dc.subjectINDIGENOUS WOMEN
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
dc.subjectINEQUITIES
dc.subjectINFANT
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY
dc.subjectINHERITANCE
dc.subjectISLAMIC LAW
dc.subjectJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE
dc.subjectJUSTICE
dc.subjectKINSHIP
dc.subjectKINSHIP STRUCTURES
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABORERS
dc.subjectLABOUR MARKETS
dc.subjectLAND TENURE
dc.subjectLEGAL REFORM
dc.subjectLEGAL STATUS
dc.subjectLIMITED RESOURCES
dc.subjectLITERACY
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectMALARIA
dc.subjectMARGINALIZATION
dc.subjectMARRIAGES
dc.subjectMASS EDUCATION
dc.subjectMATRIARCHY
dc.subjectMEASLES
dc.subjectMENSTRUATION
dc.subjectMIGRANT
dc.subjectMIGRANT GROUPS
dc.subjectMIGRANT WORKERS
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMIGRATIONS
dc.subjectMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
dc.subjectMINORITY
dc.subjectMONOGAMY
dc.subjectMOTHER
dc.subjectNATION BUILDING
dc.subjectNATIVE WORKERS
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNORMS
dc.subjectNURSE
dc.subjectPATRIARCHIES
dc.subjectPATRIARCHY
dc.subjectPEACE
dc.subjectPHILOSOPHY
dc.subjectPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectPOLICY DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOLITICAL POWER
dc.subjectPOLYGYNY
dc.subjectPOPULATION MOVEMENTS
dc.subjectPOTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION
dc.subjectPOWER
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPROCREATION
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPROFESSIONAL WOMEN
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPROPORTION OF GIRLS
dc.subjectPUBERTY
dc.subjectREFUGEES
dc.subjectRELIGION
dc.subjectREPRODUCTION
dc.subjectRESPECT
dc.subjectRITES
dc.subjectRITUALS
dc.subjectRUBELLA
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR
dc.subjectSEXUALITY
dc.subjectSINGLE MEN
dc.subjectSLAVERY
dc.subjectSOCIAL CHANGE
dc.subjectSOCIAL HISTORY
dc.subjectSOCIAL NORMS
dc.subjectSOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectSOCIAL ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectSOCIAL STATUS
dc.subjectSOCIETIES
dc.subjectSOCIETY
dc.subjectSOCIOLOGY
dc.subjectSOILS
dc.subjectSPOUSES
dc.subjectSTATUS OF WOMEN
dc.subjectSUBORDINATION OF WOMEN
dc.subjectSUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectSUBSISTENCE FARMING
dc.subjectSYMBOLS
dc.subjectTECHNICAL TRAINING
dc.subjectTEMPORARY MIGRANTS
dc.subjectTEXTILES
dc.subjectTOWNS
dc.subjectTRADITIONAL SOCIETIES
dc.subjectTUBERCULOSIS
dc.subjectUNIONS
dc.subjectUNMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subjectVILLAGES
dc.subjectVIOLENCE
dc.subjectWAR
dc.subjectWARS
dc.subjectWDR
dc.subjectWIFE
dc.subjectWILL
dc.subjectWIVES
dc.subjectWOMANHOOD
dc.subjectWOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectWORKING CLASS
dc.subjectYOUNG MEN
dc.subjectYOUNG WOMEN
dc.titleThe Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development : Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications, Part I, The Pre-colonial and Colonial Periods

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