Lebanon : Policy Note on Irrigation Sector Sustainability
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Washington, DC
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This Policy Note has three main
objectives : a) formulate strategic choices related to the
sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Lebanon. b)
recommend institutional strengthening of water resource
management in the irrigation sector in general, especially
for operations and maintenance (O&M). c) define the
Bank's future involvement in the irrigated agriculture
sector. As demand for domestic, industrial, and agriculture
water increases, Lebanon could face chronic water shortages
in the next two decades, particularly in the summer months.
In fact, signs of such shortages are already apparent, data
on water demand and water balance are conflicting, but they
generally indicate that the overall annual water balance
will practically go into deficit just after 2020, while the
dry season balance will be in deficit in 2004. In addition
to existing structural problems, the quality of existing
water resources is being undercut by pollution, such as,
direct discharges of municipal and industrial wastewater,
uncontrolled solid waste disposal, leaching of pesticides
and fertilizers from agricultural lands, and seawater
intrusion along the coast as a result of over exploiting
groundwater. Faced with this challenge, the Government of
Lebanon (GOL) has taken measures to enhance the
sustainability of water resources in the country, including
irrigation, which accounts for about two thirds of the
annual water use.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURE, ANNUAL FLOW, ANNUAL RAINFALL, BASIN, BOD, CANALS, CATCHMENT, CATCHMENT AREA, CATCHMENT AREAS, CHANNELS, CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, CHLORIDE, COASTAL AREAS, COD, CONDUCTIVITY, CONSERVATION, CONSTRUCTION, COVERING, CROPS, DAMS, DAMS/RESERVOIRS, DEEP PERCOLATION, DEEP WELLS, DISCHARGE, DIVERSION, DOMESTIC WATER, DRAINAGE, DREDGING, DRINKING WATER, DRIP IRRIGATION, DROUGHT, DRY SEASON, EFFICIENT WATER USE, EFFLUENT, EMBANKMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EVAPORATION, EXPORT, FARMERS, FARMING, FERTILIZERS, FLOOD DAMAGE, FLOOD PREVENTION, FLOOD RELIEF, FLOODING, FLOODS, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, GROUNDWATER SOURCES, GROUNDWATER TABLE, HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGICAL NETWORK, IMPORTS, INDUSTRIAL USE, INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER, INFILTRATION, INFILTRATION RATES, INTAKE STRUCTURES, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION PURPOSES, IRRIGATION SCHEME, IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, IRRIGATION WATER, JURISDICTION, LAND USE, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LEGISLATION, OXYGEN, OXYGEN DEMAND, PERMITS, PESTICIDES, POLLUTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, POPULATION DENSITY, POTABLE WATER, POWER GENERATION, PRECIPITATION, PRIVATE WELLS, PROGRAMS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUMPING, PUMPING STATIONS, QUALITY OF WATER, QUALITY STANDARDS, QUALITY WATER, RAIN, RAINFALL, RIVER, RIVER BASINS, RIVERS, RUNOFF, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SEA, SEASONAL FLOWS, SEAWATER, SEWAGE, SEWAGE EFFLUENT, SEWERAGE, SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION, SOLID WASTE, SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, SOURCES OF WATER, SPRING, SPRING WATER, SPRINGS, STORAGE CAPACITY, SUBTERRANEAN WATER, SURFACE WATER, TREATED WASTEWATER, TREATMENT PLANTS, WASTEWATER, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, WATER ALLOCATIONS, WATER AUTHORITIES, WATER BALANCE, WATER CHANNELS, WATER DEMAND, WATER LAW, WATER LAWS, WATER LOGGING, WATER MONITORING, WATER QUALITY, WATER REQUIREMENTS, WATER RESOURCE, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION, WATER RIGHTS, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SECTOR, WATER SERVICES, WATER SHORTAGE, WATER SHORTAGES, WATER SOURCES, WATER STORAGE, WATER SUPPLY, WATER TARIFF POLICY, WATER TARIFFS, WATER USE, WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS, WATERCOURSES, WATERSHED, WELL CONSTRUCTION, WELLS