Are Returns to Investment Lower for the Poor? Human and Physical Capital Interactions in Rural Vietnam

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dc.creatorvan de Walle, Dominique
dc.date2015-01-30T15:23:08Z
dc.date2015-01-30T15:23:08Z
dc.date2000-08
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:27:43Z
dc.descriptionIf the marginal gains from investment in physical capital depend positively on knowledge, but a household cannot hire skilled labor to compensate for low skills, then even if it has access to credit, the household will achieve lower returns than an educated household. If, as is common, the income-poor are less educated because of failures in the credit market, and because they live in areas where there is less access to schooling, then the poor will also have lower returns on investments. The author tests this argument for the case of irrigation infrastructure in Vietnam. She asks how a household's education level, and demographic characteristics influence the gains to household income from irrigating previously unirrigated land. The next marginal benefit of irrigation increases strongly with the education of a household. The results suggest that unless disparities in education are addressed, market-oriented reforms will generate inequitable agricultural growth in Vietnam.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/21367
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2425
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/418299
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 2425
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectaccounting
dc.subjectagricultural cooperatives
dc.subjectagricultural extension
dc.subjectagricultural production
dc.subjectagriculture
dc.subjectcapital markets
dc.subjectcomparative advantage
dc.subjectconsumption expenditures
dc.subjectcrops
dc.subjectdecentralization
dc.subjectdemographics
dc.subjectdevelopment economics
dc.subjectdevelopment projects
dc.subjecteconomic development
dc.subjecteconomic growth
dc.subjecteconomics
dc.subjectelasticities
dc.subjectelasticity
dc.subjectemployment
dc.subjectequilibrium
dc.subjectequipment
dc.subjectexpenditures
dc.subjectextension
dc.subjectextension services
dc.subjectfarmers
dc.subjectfarms
dc.subjectgender
dc.subjectgrowth theories
dc.subjecthealth care
dc.subjecthealth outcomes
dc.subjecthousing
dc.subjecthuman capital
dc.subjectincome
dc.subjectincomes
dc.subjectincreasing returns
dc.subjectinformal sector
dc.subjectinsurance
dc.subjectlabor inputs
dc.subjectlabor markets
dc.subjectlabor productivity
dc.subjectlabor supply
dc.subjectlivelihoods
dc.subjectlivestock
dc.subjectliving standards
dc.subjectmarginal benefits
dc.subjectmarginal product
dc.subjectmarginal products
dc.subjectmarginal value
dc.subjectmarket failures
dc.subjectmarket mechanism
dc.subjectmigration
dc.subjectnew technologies
dc.subjectNGOs
dc.subjectnutrition
dc.subjectoil
dc.subjectplanned economy
dc.subjectpolicy research
dc.subjectpoverty line
dc.subjectproduction costs
dc.subjectproduction functions
dc.subjectproductivity
dc.subjectpublic health
dc.subjectrural development
dc.subjectsafety nets
dc.subjectsavings
dc.subjectsocial development
dc.subjectsocial services
dc.subjecttime series
dc.subjecttotal revenue
dc.subjecttransport
dc.subjectvariable costs
dc.subjectwages
dc.subjectwater supply
dc.subjectwealth
dc.subjectinvestment returns
dc.subjectpoverty incidence
dc.subjecthuman capital
dc.subjectphysical capacity
dc.subjecteducational indicators
dc.subjectmarket reforms
dc.subjectinequity
dc.subjectagricultural productivity
dc.subjecteducational equalization
dc.subjectcredit markets
dc.subjectdemographic indicators
dc.subjecteducational level
dc.subjectincome generation
dc.subjectirrigation development
dc.titleAre Returns to Investment Lower for the Poor? Human and Physical Capital Interactions in Rural Vietnam

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