Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth : Ecosystem-based Approaches to Climate Change
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World Bank
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Global warming and changes in climate
have already had observed impacts on natural ecosystems and
species. Natural systems such as wetlands, mangroves, coral
reefs, cloud forests, and Arctic and high-latitude
ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate-induced
disturbances. However, enhanced protection and management of
biological resources and habitats can mitigate the impacts
and contribute to solutions as nations and communities
strive to adapt to climate change. Biodiversity is the
foundation and mainstay of agriculture, forests, and
fisheries. Biological resources provide the raw materials
for livelihoods, agriculture, medicines, trade, tourism, and
industry. Forests, grasslands, freshwater, and marine and
other natural ecosystems provide a range of services often
not recognized in national economic accounts but vital to
human welfare: regulation of water flows and water quality,
flood control, pollination, decontamination, carbon
sequestration, soil conservation, and nutrient and
hydrological cycling. Current efforts to address climate
change focus mainly on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by adopting cleaner energy strategies and on
reducing the vulnerability of communities at risk by
improving infrastructure to meet new energy and water needs.
This book offers a compelling argument for including
ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation and adaptation as
an essential pillar in national strategies to address
climate change. Such ecosystem-based strategies can offer
cost-effective, proven, and sustainable solutions that
contribute to, and complement, other national and regional
adaptation strategies.
Palabras clave
ACIDIFICATION, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AFFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURE, AIR, ALTITUDE, AMPHIBIANS, ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS, ANNUAL EMISSION, ANTARCTICA, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, AQUATIC HABITATS, AQUATIC LIFE, AQUATIC SPECIES, ARID REGIONS, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON, BASINS, BEACHES, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, BIOMASS, BIRDS, BOREAL FORESTS, CARBON, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DISTRIBUTION, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON OFFSETS, CARBON POOL, CARBON POOLS, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON SINK, CARBON SINKS, CARBON STOCK, CARBON STORAGE, CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY, CARBON STORES, CARBONATES, CASE STUDIES, CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAST, COASTAL AREAS, COASTAL EROSION, COASTAL HABITATS, COASTAL STATES, COASTAL WATERS, COASTAL ZONE, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT, COASTAL ZONES, COLORS, CONSERVATION AREAS, CORAL REEFS, CROP PRODUCTION, CROPS, CYCLONES, DAMS, DEFORESTATION ACTIVITIES, DEGRADED AREAS, DEGRADED LAND, DEGRADED LANDS, DESERTIFICATION, DRAINAGE, DROUGHT, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE, EMISSION, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ABATEMENT, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM FUEL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, EROSION, EROSION CONTROL, ESTUARIES, EXOTIC SPECIES, FIRE MANAGEMENT, FISH, FISHERIES, FLOOD CONTROL, FLOODING, FLOODS, FLUXES OF CARBON, FOREST AREA, FOREST CANOPY, FOREST CARBON STOCKS, FOREST CLEARING, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST CONVERSION, FOREST COVER, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST EDGE, FOREST FIRES, FOREST INVESTMENT, FOREST LOSS, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST SECTOR, FOREST TYPES, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FRESH WATER, FRESHWATER, FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, GHG, GLACIERS, GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE, GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE, GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, GLOBAL CARBON SINK, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL CARBON, GLOBAL WARMING, GRASSLANDS, GREEN HOUSE GASES, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROUND CARBON, HABITAT DEGRADATION, HABITATS, HIGHLANDS, HUMAN ACTIVITIES, HURRICANES, HYDROLOGY, INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS, INVASIVE SPECIES, IPCC, LAKES, LAND AREA, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND USE CHANGE, LEACHING, LOSS OF FOREST, LOSS OF SOIL CARBON, MANGROVES, MARINE RESOURCES, MARINE SYSTEMS, MARSHES, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, MOUNTAINS, NATIVE SPECIES, NATURAL FORESTS, NATURAL WETLANDS, NITROUS OXIDE, NUTRIENTS, OCEAN CARBON, OCEANS, OIL PALM, ORGANIC CARBON, ORGANIC MATTER, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PEAT, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANKTON, PLANT SPECIES, POLLUTANTS, PRECIPITATION, PRECIPITATION PATTERNS, PROTECTING WETLANDS, QUALITY OF WATER, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINFALL EVENTS, RANGES, RATE OF DEFORESTATION, RATES OF DEFORESTATION, RECREATIONAL USE, RESERVOIR, RESERVOIRS, RIVER, RIVER DELTAS, RIVERINE, SALTWATER INTRUSION, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEA WATER, SOIL CARBON, SOILS, SPECIES DIVERSITY, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SWAMP, TEMPERATE FORESTS, TERRESTRIAL CARBON, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, THERMAL STRATIFICATION, TREE SPECIES, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, TROPICAL FOREST, TROPICAL FORESTS, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST, TROPICAL REGIONS, TROPICS, VEGETATION, WATER QUALITY, WATERSHED, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, WATERSHEDS, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WETLAND, WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS, WETLAND HABITATS, WETLAND RESTORATION, WETLAND SOILS, WETLANDS, WILDERNESS AREAS, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE HABITAT, WIND