Kava: A Review of the Safety of Traditional and Recreational Beverage Consumption. Technical Report
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FAO/WHO ;
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Kava beverage has a long history of consumption in the South Pacific and has an important role in traditional community ceremonies. In recent times, it has become more widely consumed as a recreational beverage in both the South Pacific islander community as well as in the wider international community. Within these communities, kava is considered to be a safe and enjoyable beverage, based on a long tradition of use and little evidence of harm. This review has examined existing data relevant to the safety of kava beverage and identified any gaps in the available data, as well as steps that are needed to ensure the safe use of kava beverage. Consideration has been given to the method of preparation of kava beverage, the toxicity of its chemical components, the levels of consumption and the adverse health effects observed in consumers. Consideration has also been given to the relevance of the cases of hepatotoxicity that have been associated with consumption of kava medicinal products in non–Pacific island countries.