Ghana - Job Creation and Skills Development : Background Papers
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World Bank
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According to Government, Ghana is facing
many challenges in the area of skill development and job
creation. The Government is particularly concerned with: (i)
unemployment among the youth (6.1 percent in 2005 for 15-24
years old), which has been attributable to the rapid
population growth rate of the youth, the rapid urbanization
rate, the quality of labor supply, and low labor absorption
rate of the economy; and (ii) the external efficiency of the
education training system and its ability to supply the
skills demanded by a diversified and competitive economy.
Moreover, other related concerns include: channeling
economic growth toward creating jobs, including 'good
jobs'; better understanding the functioning of the
informal sector; explaining the mismatch between skills
development and jobs; improving labor market indicators;
monitoring and evaluating employment programs'
outcomes; reviewing the role of labor market regulations in
job creation; and reforming technical vocational education
and training (TVET) systems. The key objective of
Ghana's development policy is to accelerate economic
growth and put the creation of new and better jobs at the
center of the Government agenda. In this context, and
complementing the recent Country Economic Memorandum (CEM)
and earlier Bank's work on youth employment, this
report addresses labor market challenges that Ghana is
facing, particularly as it strives for middle income status
by 2015. This report: (a) briefly reviews the determinants
of labor demand; (b) analyzes labor market outcomes based on
recent survey data; (c) reviews the role of labor policies,
institutions and programs; and (d) examines education and
skills development policies and their links to labor market outcomes.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION, ACCOUNTING, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, ADULT LITERACY, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC SERVICES, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY, BRAIN DRAIN, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, CLASSROOM, COGNITIVE SKILLS, COMPARATIVE EDUCATION, CONTRIBUTION, CURRICULUM, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIRECT INVESTMENT, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATED MIGRANTS, EDUCATED PARENTS, EDUCATION ATTAINMENT, EDUCATION ECONOMICS, EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, EDUCATION INVESTMENT, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL PLANNING, ELDERLY, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLMENTS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMS OF EDUCATION, GLOBAL POVERTY, GOALS FOR EDUCATION, GROSS ENROLMENT, GROSS ENROLMENT RATES, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL, HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT OF EDUCATION, INCOME, INCOMES, INFANT, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INVESTING, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB CREATION, JOB TRAINING, JUNIOR SECONDARY, JUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION, JUNIOR SECONDARY LEVEL, JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, KIDS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LARGE FIRM, LARGE FIRMS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LITERACY, LITERACY PROGRAM, LITERACY PROGRAMS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LOW-INCOME, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, LOWER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, MIDDLE SCHOOL, MIGRANT, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINIMUM WAGE, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NATIONAL EDUCATION, NATIONAL LEVEL, NET ENROLMENT, NET ENROLMENT RATE, NET ENROLMENT RATES, NON-FORMAL TRAINING, NURSE, NURSES, OCCUPATIONS, OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION, PENSION, PENSION REFORMS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PROBABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, QUESTIONNAIRE, RATES OF RETURN, READERS, REASONING, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SENIOR, SENIOR SECONDARY LEVEL, SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE TRAINING, SEX, SHORT-TERM TRAINING, SKILL ACQUISITION, SKILLS ACQUISITION, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SKILLS TRAINING, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL WELFARE, TEACHER, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRADE UNION, TRAINING ACTIVITIES, TRAINING CENTERS, TRAINING CENTRE, TRAINING INSTITUTES, TYPES OF EDUCATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNIONS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN POPULATION, VALUABLE, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE GAP, WAGES, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKFORCE, WORKING POPULATION, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUTH, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT