Political Economy of Power Sector Subsidies : A Review with Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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Power sector subsidies in Sub-Saharan
Africa are substantial and highly regressive. While
subsidies can be quick, easy, and politically expedient to
implement, they are equally quick to take root and
challenging to remove. Optimal policies that are technically
sound and welfare-enhancing over the long run have
nevertheless been found difficult to launch and even more
challenging to sustain. Of the barriers to reform, those
associated with political economy are among the most
powerful, yet their analysis is often lacking due
consideration in the reform design process. This paper
reviews the literature on power subsidies and their reform
with emphasis on the political economy of such reform. It
examines pricing principles in the power sector and
different types of subsides; drivers for subsidies, benefits
and costs of subsidy reform, and their distribution; and
approaches to political economy analysis, tools available,
and methodological issues. The paper draws examples from
Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, and presents case studies
from the literature.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO SERVICES, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ADVERSE EFFECT, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AFFORDABILITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURE, ALTERNATIVE METHODS, APPROACH, ARREARS, AVAILABILITY, AVERAGE COSTS, BACKUP POWER, BALANCE, BANKS, BUDGETARY SUPPORT, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, BUSINESS OWNERS, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CAPITAL COSTS, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, CASH PAYMENT, CASH PAYMENTS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, CLEAN WATER, COAL, COLLUSION, COMPETITIVE MARKET, COMPETITIVENESS, CONNECTIVITY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMERS, CONSUMPTION INCREASES, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, CORE BUSINESS, CORRUPTION, COST OF SUBSIDY, COST REDUCTION, COSTS OF SUBSIDY, CREDIT RATING, CRITICAL MASS, CROSS-SUBSIDIES, CURRENCY, DEBT, DEBT OBLIGATIONS, DEBTS, DECISION MAKING, DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIESEL, DIESEL FUEL, DISTRIBUTION LOSSES, DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS, DOMESTIC GAS, EARNINGS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, ELASTICITY, ELECTRIC UTILITIES, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY PRICES, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY TARIFFS, ELECTRIFICATION, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYERS, ENERGY MIX, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCLUSION, EXPENDITURE, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, FARMERS, FINANCES, FINANCIAL COST, FINANCIAL CRISES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL HEALTH, FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, FISCAL DEFICITS, FIXED COSTS, FOOD PRICES, FOREIGN BANKS, FORMS OF COMPENSATION, FUEL, FUEL OIL, FUEL PRICES, FUELS, GDP, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT DEBT, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HOUSEHOLD ACCESS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HYDROPOWER, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME LEVELS, INCREASING RETURNS, INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE, INEFFICIENCY, INEQUALITY, INFLATION, INPUT PRICES, INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS, INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, INSURANCE, INTEREST PAYMENTS, INTEREST RATES, INVENTORY, JOB CREATION, KILOWATT-HOUR, LEGITIMACY, LOAN, LOAN GUARANTEES, LOW TARIFFS, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL COST PRICING, MARGINAL COSTS, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET PRICES, MARKET STRUCTURE, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MISMANAGEMENT, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL MONOPOLIES, NEW BUSINESS, OIL, OIL EXPORTERS, OIL PRICES, OIL PRODUCTS, OPERATING COSTS, OPTIMIZATION, OUTPUT, PAYMENT SYSTEM, PEAK DEMAND, PENSIONS, PERFECT INFORMATION, PIPELINE, POLICY DESIGN, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL RISK, POLITICAL SCIENCE, POLITICAL SYSTEM, POWER, POWER CONSUMPTION, POWER COSTS, POWER GENERATION, POWER GENERATION CAPACITY, POWER MIX, POWER OUTAGES, POWER PRICES, POWER SECTOR, POWER SECTORS, POWER SHORTAGES, POWER SYSTEM, PRICE ELASTICITY, PRICE INCREASES, PRICE SUBSIDIES, PRICE SUBSIDY, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTORS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATIZATION, PUBLIC UTILITIES, QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY, RATE OF RETURN, REFORM PROGRAM, REFORM PROGRAMS, REGRESSIVE SUBSIDY, REGULATOR, REGULATORY AUTHORITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, REPUBLIC, REPUTATION, RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS, RESIDENTIAL DEMAND, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SMALL BUSINESSES, SMALL FARMERS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATE INTERVENTION, SUBSIDIZATION, SUPPLY CHAIN, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TARIFF STRUCTURES, TAX, TAX CREDITS, THERMAL POWER, TRACK RECORD, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE UNIONS, TRADE-OFF, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP, TRANSMISSION LINES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, VILLAGE, VOLTAGE, VOUCHERS, WEALTH