Analyzing Changes in Health Financing Arrangements in High-Income Countries : A Comprehensive Framework Approach
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This review is one in a series of
analytic efforts designed to inform the policy debate
related to health financing. The authors review evidence on
health financing arrangements in high income countries as
well as reforms over the last 30 years and to identify key
policy lessons from this experience for low and middle
income countries. Methodology: The review is based on a
conceptual framework of health financing
"functions". 25 high-income countries have been
grouped for comparative evaluative purposes into three
groups, based on the main mechanism of financing health care
(social health insurance, taxes, private). Decisions on
coverage and benefit entitlements as well as various
functions of health care financing (i.e. collecting, pooling
and purchasing) are described and analyzed.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, AGENTS, AMBULANCE SERVICES, AMBULATORY CARE, BASIC HEALTH CARE, BENEFICIARIES, BLOOD GLUCOSE, CAPITATION, CHIROPRACTIC, CLINICAL CONDITION, COINSURANCE, COMPULSORY INSURANCE, COST OF CARE, COST SHARING, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, COST-SHARING REQUIREMENTS, DENTAL CARE, DENTAL TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS, DOCTORS, EAST EUROPEAN, EMERGENCY CARE, EMPLOYMENT, ENROLLEES, ENTITLEMENT, EXPANSION OF COVERAGE, FEE SCHEDULES, FEE-FOR-SERVICE, FEE-FOR-SERVICE BASIS, FEE-FOR-SERVICE PAYMENT, FEE-FOR-SERVICE PAYMENTS, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL RISK, FINANCING HEALTH CARE, FREE CARE, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, GROUP INSURANCE, HEALTH AUTHORITIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE DECISIONS, HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE, HEALTH CARE FINANCING, HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, HEALTH COSTS, HEALTH COVERAGE, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HEALTH FINANCING, HEALTH INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS, HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM, HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEMES, HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH, HEARING AIDS, HMO, HOSPITAL CARE, HOSPITAL SERVICES, HOSPITALS, HUMAN RIGHTS, IN VITRO FERTILIZATION, INCOME COUNTRIES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL CARE, INSURANCE FUNDS, INSURANCE PLANS, INSURANCE PREMIUMS, INSURANCE SYSTEMS, INSURERS, MARKETING, MEDICAID, MEDICAL EXPENSES, MEDICAL INSURANCE, MEDICAL INSURANCE COVERAGE, MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, MEDICAL SERVICES, MEDICARE, MEDICINES, MIGRANTS, NATIONAL HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, NURSING, NUTRITION, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, PACIFIC REGION, PATIENT, PAYMENTS FOR HEALTH SERVICES, PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES, PHYSICIANS, PHYSIOTHERAPY, POCKET PAYMENTS, POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PRESCRIPTION DRUGS, PRIMARY CARE, PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE, PRIVATE FINANCING, PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE, PRIVATE INSURANCE, PROTECTION MECHANISMS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE, PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE, PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM, PUBLIC SCHEMES, RADIOLOGY, RESEARCH PROGRAMS, RISK ADJUSTERS, SAVINGS, SCREENING, SICKNESS FUNDS, SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE, SOCIAL SECURITY, SURGERY, TREATMENTS, WORKERS