Introduction of environmental DNA metabarcoding for forest ecosystem biodiversity assessment
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Expert-based monitoring of species diversity is carried out to assess forest biodiversity. However, various disturbances from human surveys can lead to biased estimates of species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has attracted attention as a rapid, non-invasive investigation method for aquatic species. eDNA has recently become an effective biodiversity evaluation alternative for terrestrial species, and comparative verification with species monitoring methods such as field investigations and camera traps is required.<br /> To lure wild animals and collect DNA, 40 artificial water tanks containing 2 L of distilled water were installed in consideration of seasonal differences in July and November 2019. The remaining water in the artificial water tank used by the terrestrial species was used as a DNA sample. In addition, a camera trap and field investigation were performed at the same locations. The entire process of eDNA analysis was performed in the same way as the methods proposed by Miya et al. (2015).<br /> We detected a total of 51 terrestrial species through eDNA metabarcoding, camera trap, and field investigation. We identified significant inconsistencies between the species monitoring method results. Only seven species were detected by all three methods. eDNA metabarcoding detected 22 species, among which, nine species (17.6%) were only detected using eDNA. However, two species were identified only with the camera trap and 22 species, most of which were birds, were confirmed in the field investigation.<br /> eDNA was the most useful for investigating small species, species with difficult morphological identification, and internal species vulnerable to disturbances. Nevertheless, since most terrestrial bird species were not detected by either camera traps or eDNA, eDNA cannot replace field investigations in terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, applying the technological advantages of eDNA to terrestrial ecosystems requires using both camera traps and field surveys.
Keywords: Genetic resources, Monitoring and data collection, Biodiversity conservation, Sustainable forest management, Research
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