Arab Republic of Egypt : Gender assessment 2010
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World Bank
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The objective of this policy note is to
examine the gender dimension of the Egyptian labor market,
with a focus on identifying the scope for policies to
improve female labor force participation. An update to the
Egypt gender assessment report of 2003, it is envisioned as
a contribution to programmatic work on gender and inclusion
in Egypt, helping build evidence which can inform policy
aimed at improving the participation and retention of women
in the labor force. Analytical and investigative in nature,
it is the hope that this note will motivate discussion and
debate among stakeholders in the country. The questions to
be addressed in the note are also relevant for policy
discussions and Bank operations in other countries,
especially those in the Middle East North Africa (MENA)
region where females face similar challenges to labor force
participation. Besides laying out the underlying correlates
of gender gaps in these areas, the report recommended a
comprehensive list of 'strategic interventions' by
sector for the government and other development actors, in
areas such as investment in women's education, the
re-examination of certain discriminatory provisions in the
country's legal system, and the promotion of cultural
norms that value women as equal partners to men. In the
sphere of women's economic opportunities, the report
pinpointed vulnerabilities such as high unemployment rates
(particularly among the more educated), and a
disproportionate dependence on an already shrinking public
sector. Highlighting the need for creating productive and
sustainable jobs for women in the private sector, the report
suggested initiatives such as increasing women's access
to training, technology, land, credit and information.
Palabras clave
ACTIVE LABOR, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICY, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, AGE GROUP, AGE GROUPS, CHILD CARE, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD WELFARE, CLASSROOM TRAINING, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISCRIMINATION, EARNING, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYABILITY, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT HISTORY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS, EMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIES, ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN, EQUAL ACCESS, EQUAL PARTNERS, EQUAL PAY, EQUAL RIGHTS, EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN, EQUAL TREATMENT, EQUAL WORK, FAMILY FORMATION, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE EMPLOYEES, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FEMALE INTENSITY, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE LEADERS, FEMALE MORTALITY, FEMALE STUDENTS, FEMALE WORKERS, FERTILITY, FEWER WOMEN, FIRM LEVEL, FORMAL EDUCATION, FULL TIME JOB, GENDER, GENDER ASSESSMENT, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIFFERENTIALS, GENDER DIMENSION, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAPS, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER WAGE GAPS, GIRLS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH RISKS, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN, HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCE, HUSBANDS, ILLITERATE WOMEN, IMMUNIZATION, IMPORTANT POLICY, IMPROVEMENTS IN CHILD SURVIVAL, INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFORMAL SECTOR, JOB MARKET, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, JOB SEARCH, JOB SEARCH ASSISTANCE, JOB SEARCH ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, JOB SEEKERS, JOB TRAINING, JOBS, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, LABOR MARKET TRAINING, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR OFFICE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LACK OF INFORMATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVES OF WOMEN, MALE COUNTERPARTS, MANPOWER, MARITAL STATUS, MATERNITY LEAVE, MOTHER, NATIONAL POLITICS, NET EMPLOYMENT, NET EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, NON-FARM SECTOR, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL LEVELS, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, ON-THE-JOB TRAINING, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PAID MATERNITY, POLICY CONCERN, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, POPULATION COUNCIL, POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT, POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT RATES, PREGNANCY, PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS, PRIVATE FIRMS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR ALTERNATIVES, PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PRIVATE SECTOR FIRMS, PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS, PRIVATE SECTOR WAGE, PROBIT REGRESSIONS, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE, PROGRESS, PROPORTION OF WOMEN, PUBLIC LIFE, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS, PUBLIC SERVICE, RESPECT, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL WOMEN, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SELF EMPLOYMENT, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, SEXUALITY, SINGLE WOMEN, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SPATIAL MOBILITY, SPOUSE, TOLERANCE, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRAINING PROGRAM, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TRANSPORTATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG WOMEN, UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNITED NATIONS, UNMARRIED WOMEN, URBAN AREAS, URBAN WOMEN, VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, VULNERABILITY, WAGE DIFFERENCES, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE EARNER, WAGE GAIN, WAGE GAP, WAGE SUBSIDIES, WAGE SUBSIDY, WAGE SUBSIDY PROGRAM, WOMAN, WOMEN LEADERS, WOMEN WORKERS, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING WOMEN, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT