Sanitation Finance in Rural Cambodia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This document presents the findings of a
study on sanitation finance in Cambodia conducted for the
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) with support from the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). The overall objective of the
assignment was to consider sustainable sanitation financing
options with a focus on promoting access for the poorest.
This guidance note contains an introduction on sanitation
financing and subsidies, stating the cases for subsidies as
well as some of their practical pitfalls. The study used
data (as of late 2009) from two case studies of rural
sanitation finance in Cambodia to illustrate the practical
issues, sup-plemented by preliminary data from two
sanitation marketing projects. The study also examined the
potential use and effectiveness of (hardware) subsidies,
conditional cash transfers (CCTs), and other financing
approaches relevant for sanitation improvement. The document
ends with recommendations for improved sanitation finance,
including practical suggestions for sanitation programs in
Cambodia. These recommendations bear particular relevance
for the ADB's Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Sector Project, which commenced in 2010.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO WATER, ACCREDITATION, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COST, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AFFORDABILITY, ALTERNATIVE FINANCING, BANK ACCOUNTS, BANKS, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, BENEFIT PAYMENTS, BLOCK GRANTS, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CASH EXPENDITURE, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, COLLATERAL, CONNECTION, CORRUPTION, COST ESTIMATE, DEBIT CARDS, DEBT, DEMAND FOR SANITATION, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DIARRHEA, DIARRHEAL DISEASE, DISABLED, DISCRIMINATION, DRINKING WATER, DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, DRY LATRINES, DRY PIT, ECONOMIC DECISIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EFFECTIVE SANITATION, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, EMPOWERMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, EQUITY FUNDS, EXCLUSION, EXCRETA DISPOSAL, EXPENDITURES, FINANCIAL ADVANTAGES, FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL MEASURE, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FLUSH LATRINE, FLUSH LATRINES, FLUSH TOILET, GOOD SANITATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY, HANDWASHING, HEALTH CARE, HELMINTHES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENTS, HOUSEHOLD LATRINES, HOUSEHOLD SANITATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN EXCRETA, HUSBAND, HYGIENE, HYGIENE BEHAVIOR, HYGIENE BEHAVIORS, HYGIENE PRACTICES, HYGIENE PROMOTION, ID, ILLITERACY, IMPERFECT INFORMATION, INADEQUATE SANITATION, INADEQUATE WATER, INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY, INCOME, INEQUALITY, INFANT EXCRETA, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, INVESTMENTS IN SANITATION, LATRINE, LATRINE COMPONENTS, LATRINE CONSTRUCTION, LATRINE PIT, LATRINE PITS, LATRINE USE, LIEN, LOAN, LOAN SIZE, LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES, MALNUTRITION, MARKET FAILURES, MEANS TESTING, MEANS TESTS, MICRO-LENDING, MICROFINANCE, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, OUTREACH, OUTSTANDING LOAN, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PIT LATRINE, PIT LATRINES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR, POOR AREAS, POOR CHILDREN, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY LINE, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC FINANCE, PUBLIC FUNDS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SANITATION, PURCHASING POWER, REGULAR PAYMENTS, REMOTE RURAL AREAS, REPAYMENTS, RURAL, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL HEALTH, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL SANITATION, RURAL WATER, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, SAFE DISPOSAL, SAFETY, SAFETY NETS, SANITARY LATRINES, SANITATION, SANITATION ACTIVITIES, SANITATION COVERAGE, SANITATION DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION FACILITIES, SANITATION FACILITY, SANITATION HYGIENE, SANITATION IMPROVEMENT, SANITATION IMPROVEMENTS, SANITATION INTERVENTIONS, SANITATION MARKET, SANITATION OPTIONS, SANITATION POLICIES, SANITATION PRACTICES, SANITATION PROGRAM, SANITATION PROMOTION, SANITATION SECTOR, SANITATION SERVICE, SANITATION SERVICES, SANITATION STRATEGIES, SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES, SCHOLARSHIP, SCHOLARSHIPS, SEPTIC TANKS, SEWERAGE, SMART CARDS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL WELFARE, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, SUPPLY CHAINS, TARGETING, TARGETING MECHANISMS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TOILET, TOILETS, TOTAL SANITATION, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, TYPES OF SANITATION FACILITY, UNION, URBAN AREAS, USERS, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, VOUCHER, VOUCHERS, WATER SANITATION, WATER SEAL, WATER USE